Lingaliro, magulu ndi zinthu zachiwawa. zinthu khalidwe la kulakwa

Monga chiphunzitso cha malamulo a boma, aliyense zosayenela amakhala ndi kumanga zinthu ndi zinthu za umbanda, iwo anapanga. The katundu wa milandu analemba mbali ili makhalidwe malamulo. Amathandizanso kuti m'kagulu machitidwe wrongful, motero kupanga gawo la upandu. kukhalapo kwake ndi maziko a munthu wolakwa wadzipalamulira udindo pa chigawenga.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane zinthu zonse ndi mbali ya vutolo, lingaliro ndi ubale pakati pa iwo, gulu malinga ndi muyezo zosiyanasiyana.

Zikhulupiriro General wa upandu ndi kulakwirana

Mawu akuti "chokhumudwitsa" (SP) chikuphatikizapo kuchuluka zizindikiro (zolinga ndi zotengera malingaliridwe) zomwe kuchita makamaka ngati mlandu. Poyerekezera ndi mzake, mawu akuti "chiwawa" ndi "corpus delicti" kuchita zinthu monga chodabwitsa yeniyeni ndi mfundo malamulo a chodabwitsa lapansi.

upandu ndi kuchita zenizeni. Ndi chikhalidwe zoopsa chikhalidwe ndi kwa munthu makamaka pa nthawi inayake pa malo ena. Ndipo chokhumudwitsa - lingaliro. Zochitika, zizindikiro khalidwe la yeniyeni n'kosaloleka kuchita monga ali lamulo lokhazikika la umboni.

Mawu akuti "chiwawa" zikuphatikizapo kufotokoza mbali umoyo ndale za mchitidwe wrongful. Pogona mu kuukira kutetezedwa ndi lamulo la pansi asapita chikhalidwe. Ndipo mawu akuti "corpus delicti" amakhala ndi generalization wa katundu sayansi milandu. Ndiko kuti, lingaliro ili monga wamba kuti zinthu zonse ndi mbali ya mlandu. Kugwirizana pakati pa malingaliro a upandu ndi lokhumudwitsa akhoza ankamuona ngati maziko ndi otumphukira ake.

njira zoyambirira gulu la ankapitabe olowa

The azikhala ndi kukhumudwa chigawenga limanenedwa ndendende zinthu ndi mbali ya vutolo, mitundu. Mitundu ya upandu ndi muyezo chifukwa gulu lawo, nayenso, zochokera madigiri zosiyanasiyana za ngozi kuchitako, njira makhalidwe kufotokoza mbali kufotokoza mbali cholinga cha chilamulo.

malamulo a boma amapereka kuti ankapitabe olowa ndi:

- pulayimale, oyenerera ndikusankha (muyezo - mlingo wa ngozi anthu) ;

- kumodzi ndi zovuta (muyezo - dongosolo);

- yokhala ndi chuma, ngozi zikuchokera (muyezo - dongosolo malamulo).

Zochita za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ankapitabe olowa

Makamaka muli zinthu ndi mbali lopunthwitsa, amene si bwanji (palibe kuchuluka kapena kuchepera) mmene upandu chikhalidwe oopsa. Kapangidwe oyenerera zikuphatikizapo zinthu zimene kumapangitsanso ngozi chikhalidwe cha mchitidwewo. Mu zikuchokera ndi mwayi lili mbali yomwe kuchepetsa zochita chikhalidwe oopsa.

Zambiri nyimbo amaonedwa mlandu mu ndege yomweyo. Ndipo pa nkhani ya nyimbo zovuta ndi ankatanthauza zinthu zingapo, zina zochita zina Zosiyanasiyana zovuta zikuchokera - .. An SP taphunzira, pa mlandu umene anasonyeza zochita angapo kapena zotsatira anafikapo ndi chokwanira, malinga ndi makhalidwe ena kumangako kuti ine ndinabwera maudindo.

Kapangidwe mwamwambo chabe yekha mchitidwe limasonyeza mfundo - ndi zotsatira zake.

Maloya agawidwa mu maganizo awo za amayanjana a dongosolo truncated. Wina akuganiza kuti ndi mtundu osiyana. Ena, pa mwake, truncated kugwilira limodzi makampani amatchedwa zosiyanasiyana monga mwamaonekedwe. Mapeto a kachitidwe chigawenga ndi gawo truncated angathe kuonedwa monga poyesa kapena kukonzekera.

Hazard Zosakaniza ikuti kuti mphindi yomaliza ankaona kuchita wrongful zimene pamapeto, amalenga chiopsezo zotsatira limene lamulo n'chakuti.

Kuchokera pamwamba Ndizachidziwikire kuti zinthu ndi mbali ya vutolo, mfundo ndi mitundu anachokera ku Chalk za upandu wina ndi mitundu, amene nawonso, zimakhudza mapangidwe anachita.

mtengo SP

Mu zenizeni olowa ankapitabe zikutanthauza mitundu makhalidwe onse amene atchulidwa mu chakudya yeniyeni ya Code Wachifwamba. N'zofunika wokwanira kubweretsa munthu amachititsa ntchito ziwawa zina.

Tanthauzo la zikuchokera chifukwa chakuti kuti ntchito monga:

- yodalirika udindo pa chigawenga;

- chikhalidwe zofunika chiyeneretso cha kachitidwe chigawenga;

- m'munsi, amene ntchito ndi bwalo mu njira ya ntchito kusankha miyeso yeniyeni malamulo a boma;

- chitsimikizo cha potsatira lamulo.

Zinthu za kulakwa ndi muyezo amapanga chitsanzo upandu ndi kutsimikizira ngozi yake chikhalidwe.

Ndiko kuti, ngati zikuchokera mchitidwe wrongful ukapezeka lolingana udindo milandu pantchito yake. JV - ndi chida chofunikira ndi amene zochita chigawenga ali siyanitsa si zigawenga. Za upandu - zosiyana, zinthu, mbali yomwe amakulolani chimatanthauza gulu la kuopsa kwa kulakwa ndi kudziwa malire a udindo pa chigawenga pa kuchitako oletsedwa.

Popeza wa ankapitabe olowa anaona kuti zimene (kapena sakuchita) lili sikusonyeza chilolezo kapena kapangidwe kake chilamulo wachifwamba.

Zinthu za vutolo. Zochita za chinthucho ndi mbali cholinga

Akumvera miyambo ya ankapitabe olowa ndi kuwamva monga ziwalo zonse zofunika za dongosolo zaphindu anachita, amene akufanana ndi maphwando osiyana ndi kulimbikitsa tanthauzo la ngozi poyera mchitidwewo ndi lamulo ladziko chigawenga. Zamkati za m'nyanjazi izi wrongful siyanitsa milandu wina ndi mzake, monga anafuna kuba kupha kapena defamation ndi kuwamenya.

Zinthu lopunthwitsa ndi kuperekedwa:

- chinthu;

- cholinga mbali;

- pa zotengera malingaliridwe mbali;

- mutu.

Mu chinthu mlandu amatanthauza maubale, kutetezedwa ndi malamulo a boma, lomwe zidzasokoneza wolakwayo. Mbali yaikulu ya chinthu - kwenikweni nkhani za upandu, kuwonetsa mawonekedwe a zinthu dzikoli chuma, mwa kuchita pa munthu amene ali destabilization ubale chikhalidwe. Makamaka ngati kuba ngati chinthu upandu ndi asapita katundu, komanso nkhani - mozemba anagwira chinthu.

Kwenikweni, maubale ali chinyezimiro cha ubale leni pakati pa thupi anthu, mabungwe alamulo ndi State pa kukhazikitsa zofuna zawo ndi ufulu, ntchito, mphamvu ndi zolinga.

Mu mbali cholinga kumvetsa makhalidwe a mawonetseredwe kunja kuvutika khalidwe amapanga makhalidwe oopsa kwa munthu amene akhoza kuwononga asapita, kutetezedwa ndi malamulo a boma. zinthu zosonyeza upandu ndi zizindikiro molondola mbali cholinga. Tikuyankhula zokhudza chabe kuchita chikhalidwe oopsa, ongokhala ndi kanthu kapena kuchotsa zotsatira chikhalidwe oopsa, ndi causal kugwirizana pakati pa upandu ndi zotsatira zake komanso nthawi, malo, kuika, njira, zida ndi njira kuchita upandu.

gulu la zinthu

zinthu zoterozo za mulandu monga zinthu amasiyana mzake ndi makhalidwe angapo, motero kupanga ofukula ndi yopingasa wolowezana.

Chinthu kungakhale wamba, mitundu, genera, ndi mwachindunji. Chigawo otere unachitikira woongoka.

Chinthu chonse ukufanizidwa ndi akonzedwa ubale chikhalidwe, kutetezedwa ndi malamulo a boma. Instantiation anachita ndi kusanthula zina ndi mtima wa mitundu, ndi mwachindunji generic chinthu.

Mu chinthu generic amatanthauza osakaniza ubale chikhalidwe, omwe kulankhulana yunifolomu ndiponso kutetezedwa ndi malamulo a boma.

Species phunziro kwa ankapitabe olowa imatengedwa kuti ndi gulu zapadera maganizo chikhalidwe, mfundo ndi zofuna za mtundu umodzi. Chinthu wapatsidwa kufunika wapakatikati pakati zinthu generic ndi mwachindunji.

Chinthu mwachindunji kulakwa, mosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya m'mbuyomu zinthu, ndi mawonekedwe enieni ubale chikhalidwe, kapena kuti phindu, chidwi. Iye m'kupita kwa kulakwa yokha ikuchitika uchimo chigawenga.

Zinthu - ichi mchitidwe chokhumudwitsa, malinga ndi zimene gulu la yopingasa angakhale mitundu itatu: zofunika, optional ndi zina. Kugwiritsa ntchito imeneyi kugawa choonadi pamene Mwachitsanzo, ikuchitika kuukira zinthu angapo nthawi imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhani ya kuba anachita ndi malowedwe mu chipinda chochezera, ngati chinthu chachikulu mu mtima pa chuma, komanso zina - kuti inviolability wa kunyumba.

Sankhula chinthu - ubale umene ntchito ya upandu zina zoipa, pamene ena - sizinaikidwe. Mwachitsanzo, kuvutitsa nthawizonse kuphwanya anthu, umene uli chinthu chachikulu, ndi vuto la kuwonongeka kwa thanzi, chuma kapena uzirwi wa munthu ndi kuphwanya sikuti kuchitika, ndipo malingana ndi mtundu wa upandu, mwachitsanzo. E. Kodi mbali okhulupirika.

zinthu khalidwe la kulakwa: mutu, zotengera malingaliridwe mbali

Ponena za mbali zotengera malingaliridwe a mchitidwe wrongful, tikutanthauza ntchito maganizo munthu mwachindunji ndi ntchito ya upandu. Maonekedwe a chinthu ichi ngati SP vuto ndi zolinga motif. Mitundu ya kupalamula zingasiyane malingana ndi mbali angalimbikitsire pa kuchitako, amene amathandiza mlandu kapena cholinga kapena chosasamala.

Mutu - munthu aliyense amene amalola kapena wachita chokhumudwitsa chigawenga ndipo amatha kunyamula lolingana udindo pa milandu izo. Mu lamulo Russian chigawenga, mosiyana ndi m'mayiko ambiri, n'zotheka kuzindikira monga phunziro la bungwe lalamulo la upandu. Lobadwa - munthu anapezeka ndi olongosoka ndipo zaka mwachindunji ndi lamulo. Pali zina kumene mogwirizana CC ndi phunziro akhoza okutidwa ndi zina zowonjezera.

The chithunzithunzi cha zizindikiro olowa ankapitabe

Zizindikiro JV - ndi ena, mwalamulo kwambiri katundu wa kuchitako, pamaso amene akutumikira monga chofunika kuzindikira za zochitika (kapena sakuchita) upandu.

katundu onse ayenera upandu:

• kukhala oyenera kuphatikiza ndi mzake, anatengedwa pamodzi liwulo ndi ngozi boma ndi malamulo;
• kulungamitsa otgranichenija upandu yeniyeni ku machimo ena ofanana;
• Iwo chili mwa lamulo ndipo monenetsa anati mu lamulo.

Zochitika ndi mbali ya vutolo, anatengedwa pamodzi kukakambirana ndi kukhumudwa chigawenga makhalidwe enieni. Ngati zinthu structural kusonyeza kapangidwe kukhumudwa, zizindikiro tinabadwa zowombetsa mkota mwalamulo kwambiri katundu (makhalidwe, zinthu, katundu) wrongful ena mtundu.

Gulu la zizindikiro JV

Malinga ndi gulu la zizindikiro JV ndi:

- zolinga ndi zotengera malingaliridwe;

- kuvomerezedwa ndi okhulupirika.

Monga dzina zikusonyeza, ndi losavuta kumvetsa kuti cholinga anatchula zizindikiro zimene zikukamba za chinthu. A ndi matenda a m'maganizo yodziwika ndi nkhani.

Monga tanenera kale, zinthu ndi mbali lopunthwitsa, umboni wa mitundu ndi muyezo kuzindikira za mchitidwe wrongful. Koma udindo wa mbali kuvomerezedwa ndi mosakakamiza mu ndondomeko kusiyana pang'ono.

Amafuna (pakati) Zizindikiro za ankapitabe olowa amakhala ndi zonse, popanda yekha, nyimbo, kuti alipo aliyense wa iwo. Ngati iwo ali kwina mu corpus bwinobwino ndi maziko zochita pa pakalibe chikhalidwe kuyan'anila za zochita. makhalidwe chofunika monga i zofunika kwambiri kudziwa chikhalidwe cha mchitidwe wrongful. Tikuyankhula zokhudza maubale (zinthu, ubwino), ndi wrongful kuchita (kanthu kapena sakuchita), vuto (cholinga kapena chosasamala), m'badwo, amene amakhala ndi isanayambike udindo zigawenga (kawirikawiri zaka 16), wabwinobwino.

Zingapo zina amatchedwa zina (ngati mukufuna). Awa:

• phunziro la mlandu mchitidwe;
• zotsatira chikhalidwe zoopsa;
• khalidwe kulankhulana (ndi zotsatira) pakati pa mulandu chigawenga ndi zotsatira zake;
• kuchita nthawi, malo ozungulira, malo, njira yeniyeni, chida ndi mndandanda wa zinthu ntchito mu ntchito ya mlandu ya zolinga ndi zolinga,
• spetspriznakov zovuta nkhani ndi mlandu.
  

Zochitika ndi mbali ya vutolo, kuphatikizapo optional zofunika kwambiri Kuthi milandu chizindikiritso cha kachitidwe chigawenga, komanso kuti akamuweruze.

mbali khalidwe la SP optional:

1. Iwo, mavuto ena omwe amaperekedwa ndi malamulo, zifunika kuti adzathe ayenerere pa zinthu zoyambirira za ankapitabe olowa.
2. Iwo ali, malinga ndi lamulo kukhala mbali kuvomerezedwa zokhudza SP oyenerera kapena mwayi.
3. Pankhani mbali optional sanali m'gulu la mulandu ndi chiyani kwa anthu chiyeneretso cha upandu, amatengedwa nkhani ngati kukulitsa kapena mitigating chochitika.

Pali chitsanzo chenicheni chimene chimasiyanitsa zinthu ndi zinthu zachiwawa. zinthu kuvomerezedwa ndi mosakakamiza ndi mlandu ayenera bwino limasonyeza. Kotero, nkhanza wapadera mu ntchito ya kachitidwe wrongful sangatengedwe kukhala monga mkhalidwe kukulitsa munthu mlandu wa kupha munthu anachita nkhanza wapadera. chakuti, mogwirizana ndi Choyenereza ya chilango upandu kwa nkhanza chawonjezeka. Yerekezerani: zinachitikira kupha imene palibe zinthu kukulitsa ndi chilango chake ndi kumangidwa kwa 6 mpaka zaka 15 nthawi, ndipo ngati alipo - 8 mpaka zaka 20.

Motero, mbali optional mbali lopunthwitsa, ngati chinthu kapena phunziro la kachitidwe wrongful, atatu khola.

Zizindikiro amodzi ndi variable

The bata ndi muyezo wina kwa kugawa SP makhalidwe m'magulu awiri malingana ngati khalidwe (AC kapena DC) amavala.

Zizindikiro okhazikika ndi zochitika za kachitidwe chigawenga, musati kusintha kwa nthaŵi ya malamulo enieni ndi Code Wachifwamba sikudalira zochitika za mchitidwe wrongful. Ndiye zizindikiro variable - izo zimaonetsa kuchita chilango, sipangakhalenso losandulizika, kaya yatsoka kusintha mawu a nkhani zogwirizana ndi zinthu zina. Mwa zizindikiro za zosintha kusiyanitsa chinsalucho kapena amanenera.

Zizindikiro okhazikika ndi khola onse temporally ndi spatially, T. E. Kusenza tanthauzo lofanana mwa gawo ataphimbidwa ndi chilamulo ichi. Pa Kuthi ndi katundu izi sitingakane.

Choncho, zinthu ndi makhalidwe a kulakwa, mitundu kulola kuti recreate chithunzi thunzi chokwanira cha ntchito zokhudza n'kosaloleka chimene chili chofunika kwa Choyenereza yomaliza ya upandu.