Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano chikhalidwe - zomwenso ndiponso mbiri yake ya chitukuko

Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano chikhalidwe, amene anaonekera mu m'badwo wa Choonadi nzeru, anati zimenezi limagwirira chikhalidwe monga boma unachitika boma chirengedwe cha munthu. MwaukadauloZida nzeru ena a nthawi, Hobbes, Rousseau ndi ena ankaona zachilengedwe malire ufulu, koma ena a iwo akhanyerezera kuti ufulu Choncho chotsutsana ndi chifuniro cha anthu wozungulira iwo, ndi ena - kuti maziko a mtendere wa anthu akale.

Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano chikhalidwe cha Hobbes ndi afilosofi maphunziro ena zimasonyezanso kuti zikamera a boma anali zotsatira za kuchita malamulo - Ndipotu, zachilengedwe kwambiri ya mgwirizano, umene ndi zotsatira za chifuniro cha anthu amene ankabwera ndi limagwirira kwa mayiko amoyo ndi bwino kuonetsetsa ufulu. Wokwanira chosiyana nthawi yake inali lingaliro kuti mphamvu ya mfumu si Mulungu koma kwa anthu, ndi kuti ntchito yake iyenera kukhala koposa zonse, kuteteza ufulu nzika. kwathunthu kwambiri lingaliro lofotokozedwa mu ntchito ya Paulo Holbach. Malinga ndi zolemba zake, lingaliro la chifuniro opatulika a mfumu ndi ufulu kutumikira kokha ngati chowiringula kupeza mphamvu kusalankhula ndi mphamvu umasinthasintha. Ndiko, gawo la anthu a ntchito udindo wake wapadera komanso linaphwanya mgwirizano achilengedwe. Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya "kugawaniza ndi ulamuliro", mafumu anafesa kusagwirizana pakati pa nzika kuti akhale wolamulira mtheradi. Akufunira wa mfumu anamangidwira pa ulamulilo wa lamulo, ndipo mwasintha bwino zachilengedwe a anthu kusintha maganizo awo ndi kubzala mbewu za chiwerewere. Maganizo ake anali kulimbikitsa anthu ambiri anzeru a maphunziro pa nthawi imeneyo, ndipo koposa zonse, Radischev, mogwirizana ndi maganizo boma sichinapangidwe pa akufunira wa mfumu, ndi chitetezo aluso ufulu wa anthu oponderezedwa.

Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano chikhalidwe cha Locke ankanena kuti chilengedwe aliyense mtendere boma n'chifukwa pangano pakati pa nzika choncho tiyenera kukhala mfundo yekha wa kukhazikitsidwa kwa dziko.

Koma bwino kwambiri chimatanthauza mfundo 'anthu mgwirizano chiphunzitso "anapereka nzeru zapamwamba Rousseau. Malinga ndi iye, ntchito yaikulu ya mgwirizano chikhalidwe ndi kupeza fomu iyi ya chiyanjano pakati pa anthu, imene aliyense kugwirizana kwa onse, pamene okha amamvera yekha ndi kukhala panokha ufulu. Boma yabwino Russo - ichi ndi mphamvu zomwe nzika mwakufuna kupereka ena a ufulu wawo kuti tikwaniritse zabwino anthu. Motero, anthu salinso munthu, koma mtundu wa anthu ammudzi - munthu malamulo (wochedwanso lipabliki ndi dera yapachiweniweni). A udindo waukulu ankaimba ndi malamulo wokoma chimangidwe. Malinga Rousseau dongosolo lofunika kwambiri ndi odalirika kulamuliridwa mwachindunji. Only mitundu misa angaphunzitse malamulo ufulu chifukwa cha cholinga chimodzi, ndipo palibe mwayekha alibe ufulu kuphwanya iwo. Social mgwirizano chiphunzitso amanenanso kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu kukana ankhanza, kuchepetsa ufulu wawo wovomerezeka ndi lingaliro la kumanja Mulungu mafumu mtheradi - zosaposa chikhumbo oipa kulamulira mfumu. Mfundo imeneyi zandipindulitsa chosiyana nthawi.

Rousseau amanena kuti mphamvu mwayekha, zochokera chikondi cha nzika zabwino, koma salembedwa okha, ndipo si chifukwa cha ufulu yache. Komanso mfumu iliyonse kufunafuna mphamvu adzatengera kufooketsa anthu, kotero kuti iye sakanakhoza kumupatsa iye kulimbikira ndi zochepa mphamvu zake ndi kudzikonda nthawizonse zidzakhala iye mu malo oyamba.

Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano chikhalidwe Anakhalanso maziko wa malingaliro ambiri limati zapamwamba za masiku ano - United States of America, Republic French, ndipo enshrined mu ndondomeko yawo.