Macroeconomics ndi microeconomics ndi chiyani?

Macroeconomics ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chiphunzitso umodzi zachuma. mfundo zake ntchito ndi boma ziziyenda zinthu msika pa mavuto cyclical ndi recessions. Asayansi kwa zaka kuphunzira zimene macroeconomics. Khama la Dzhona Keynsa ndi tingachipeze powerenga ndi kukhazikika bwino.

chiphunzitso Keynes

M'zaka za m'ma XX, njira yatsopano phunziro la chuma cha dziko. Ofufuza anayamba kuganizira chuma cha dziko lina lonse. Nanga macroeconomics? Ndi sayansi kuti amaphunzira chuma cha dziko mu dongosolo limodzi zovuta. Njira imeneyi ndi potsiriza anapanga atangomwalira, ngakhale ena mwa zizindikiro analipo ku ntchito chakale chuma ndale (Adams, Marx, ndi zina zotero. D.).

sayansi palokha anabadwa mu 30s wa XX atumwi. Koposa zonse iwo zokhudzana ndi kutsegula ndi ntchito ya English wofufuza John Maynard Keynes. chiphunzitso ake anabwera mchikakamizo cha zochitika za nyengo yovutayo. Mu 20s mochedwa panali Wamkulu Depression, amene anachititsa mavuto azachuma mu US ndi Europe. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti alipidwa dongosolo msika chuma kwalephera. Nthawi ya asayansi kuponya adzawaitane.

Macroeconomics ndi Microeconomics

Dzhon Keyns kukonza zimene macroeconomics, m'buku lake "The General Chiphunzitsochi wa Employment, Chidwi ndi Ndalama," lofalitsidwa mu 1936. Zinali kwa mphindi anayamba chitukuko cha mwambo watsopano sayansi. Koma ngakhale zaka pamaso panali macroeconomics microeconomics. Sakugwira kuphunzira chuma wonse, ndi njira ophunzira enieni msika. Microeconomics komanso ikufotokoza vuto la mitengo. Mu kuchuluka kwa kuwunika monga zimagwirira ntchito ndalama zochepa.

Choncho, Microeconomics chikuchita ndi mabungwe ena azachuma, pamene macroeconomics amaphunzira lonse dziko chuma wonse. Keynes, mu ntchito yake yaikulu anafotokoza zimene mfundo ndi zochitika ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuti chiphunzitso chake chatsopano. Ichi ndi aakulu m'banja mankhwala, kufufuma, ulova, ndi mtengo pafupifupi msinkhu. The kusanthula izi zonse kumatithandiza kuzindikira zimene macroeconomics. Tanthauzo limatsindika kuti ndi sayansi palokha. Komabe, sitingathe kunena kuti microeconomics ndi macroeconomics kulibe payekhapayekha mzake. Iwo nthambi ziwiri za chiphunzitso umodzi sayansi, choncho kucheza ndi mnzake mu zinthu zambiri.

Kutsutsa chuma chakale andale

Kuti kumvetsa zomwe yaying'ono ndi macroeconomics, m'pofunika kuyang'ana pa chiphunzitso chimene iwo anali otsutsa. Ndipo iye anali mu lamulo la msika, amene anakonza ndi Jean-Baptiste Nena. Zinali zachuma French, amene anali wa sukulu chakale cha chuma ndale, pachimake pa ntchito zomwe zinachitika pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX.

Mfundo yaikulu ya malamulo waukulu ndi kuonetsetsa kuti malonda mankhwala amapanga ndalama zimene pamapeto, ndi maziko mapangidwe kufunika latsopano. Mfundo imeneyi chikufikanso kwa chuma cha dziko lonse mpaka nthawi imene bukhu linasindikizidwa ndi Dzhona Keynsa. Asayansi anachititsa kusanthula mavuto padziko lonse 20s mochedwa ndipo anazindikira kuti zimagwirira anakonza Nena, mu zikhalidwe pano sizikugwira ntchito.

State alowererepo pa chuma

Keynes ankakhulupirira kuti msika mowiriza ndi sizimadziwika. Choncho katswiri kulimbikitsa mtima wa boma lamulo la chuma. Macroeconomics m'nkhani imeneyi ndi chiyani? Ndi chida cha boma, ankafunika kudziwa boma la chuma cha dziko. Akuluakulu angathe kugwiritsa ntchito zazikulu chuma njira bwino malangizo chikhalidwe chake.

malingaliro Keynes anali anabwereza pa mlingo wapamwamba. Mu zaka 60 nkhani yolembedwa wake anakhala maziko a mfundo US, United Kingdom, Canada ndi Sweden. Onse m'mayiko amenewa tsopano yodziwika ndi wapamwamba wa amoyo ndi kukhazikika ndalama. Pali mu ichi bwino ndi kukwaniritsa macroeconomics ngati sayansi ntchito.

Kapangidwe ka macroeconomy ndi

Kudulidwa kwa chuma umodzi m'misika bwino akuonetsa kuti macroeconomics amenewa. sayansi ikufotokoza za pa chuma ambiri a magawo angapo osiyana. Woyamba msika - msika wa zinthu kupanga. Iye ndi zofunika kwambiri. Izi zikuphatikizapo zinthu monga dziko, ntchito, ndalama ndi likulu thupi. Asayansi ena amanena kuti mndandanda, komanso mndandanda wa luso anthu ammudzi.

Msika lotsatira - msika wa katundu. Izi ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri macroeconomics. Ndi chiyani icho? Izi zikuphatikizapo kupanga katundu, ndiko kuyankhula kwina, mapangidwe okwanira ndi kufunika - injini chachikulu cha chuma chilichonse. Apa kupatsana mfundo zenizeni, chotero msika wotchedwa weniweni.

Mbali inanso yofunika kwambiri macroeconomics - zachuma. Iwo ntchito mu msika ndalama ndi sheya msika. Pali asonkhanitsidwa likulu, ngongole anapereka, ntchito kuwombola. Otchedwa chokhala ndi chitsanzo cha msika chuma lolunjika pa sheya, kampani ya inshuwalansi, penshioni ndi ndalama ndalama.

m'zinthu Business

chiphunzitso zazikulu za citukuko anadzetsa ntchito sayansi liwu m'zinthu zachuma. Iwo kuimira cyclical kusinthasintha - ndi zokwera ndi zotsika mu chitukuko cha chuma. m'zinthu Economic akupezeka dongosolo lililonse. Iwo ndi magawo angapo - nsonga ya mavuto ndi pansi. Kusinthasintha mu mkombero ntchito angathe kukhala osasamba ndipo sizimadziwika.

Asayansi amene anafufuza zimene macroeconomics ndi microeconomics, anapeza chikuchititsa mavuto a m'zinthu izi. Izi zikhoza kukhala ulimi, nkhondo, kusintha kwa maganizo a ndalama, ndi zina zotero .. Zonsezi amakhudza bwino pakati okwanira ndi kufunika akaphatikiza. Chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha m'zinthu zachuma ndi mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi zochitika ngati zazikulu za citukuko monga ulova ndi kufufuma.

kutenthedwa

Theorists nawonso akufuna mawu akuti "kutenthedwa chuma". chikhalidwe ichi ndi chakuti dziko ikufika pazipita mphamvu zawo ndalama. Chifukwa cha ichi, oddly mokwanira, pangakhale kufufuma ndi kuwonjezeka kwambiri mitengo.

Nawonso, nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha zachuma ndi cyclical ulova. Ngati dziko akukumana ndi zinthu zofanana ayenera kuthandizapo boma. Kuti ndi maziko ongolankhula wa macroeconomics angabwere kwa akuluakulu thandizo. Keynes ndi otsatira ake anaphunzira zinachitikira zabwino mavutowo. Mfundo zambiri anakonza mwa iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito mwa limati zosiyana pa mavuto a. Kuchotsedwa miyezo chuma kuchira - kuti ndi macroeconomics ndi microeconomics. Tanthawuzo la amalanga onsewa lililonse buku thematic.

Zachuma ndi ndalama ndondomeko

States imene boma amadziwa bwino zimene macroeconomics, kulimbana ndi mavuto cyclical. Olimba malamulo, m'pofunika kuchepetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha mavuto, lotchedwa zachuma ndi ndalama ndondomeko.

Kodi zosiyana? M'zaka XX, theorists kuti ankayambitsa mfundo zimene zachuma ndi macroeconomics ndalama. Boma likhoza kudula misonkho kapena kuonjezera kugula awo pa msika. olimba kukhwimitsa ndi mfundo zachuma. Iwo ali ndi zovuta zake. Makamaka iwo MUKACHULUKIDWE chakuti State akhoza lobweretsa zomvetsa kwambiri ndi kukhala ndi kuchepekedwa bajeti.

mfundo Monetary amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana ziziyenda mmene chuma chikuyendera m'dzikolo. Chifukwa chaichi, Bank Central. Iye akhoza kubweretsa malondawo ndalama okwanira zina. The ntchito mfundo ndalama pamaso zachuma ndi kuti pamene akukwaniritsa dongosolo banki zambiri amalabadira kwambiri kusintha. Zimenezi zimathandiza chuma mwa mavuto mwamsanga. Population moyo woterowo kwambiri zaphindu chifukwa mu nkhani iyi, anapatsidwa zambiri ogula ngongole. Cholinga chachikulu cha mfundo ndalama angatchedwe mtengo bata, kukula kupanga ndi ntchito zonse m'deralo.