Magawo yoyamba ya chitukuko cha moyo Padziko Lapansi

sayansi anapangidwa pofuna kuthandiza anthu kudziwa ngati tokha ndi dziko lonse ndipo, ndithudi, kupeza momwe padziko lathuli anayambitsa moyo m'njira zake zonse ndi mawonetseredwe. Popanda kupita chiphunzitso cha chipembedzo cha chilengedwe ndi mphamvu wapamwamba kwambiri wauzimu - Mulungu, ife kuphunzira amanena za chiyambi cha vuto wamoyo, amene umagwira ntchito zamoyo. Magawo chachikulu cha chitukuko cha moyo Padziko Lapansi chingatithandize kuti awulule vuto cha chiyambi chake ndi kuwonetseredwa mu dziko.

Chifaniziro asayansi za zamoyo wa zinyama

Ngati tisonkhana pamodzi zonse mitundu ya zamoyo, onse zamakono zinatha, inu mupeza nambala yaikulu - mitundu biliyoni. N'zosadabwitsa kuti asayansi, amene ankakhala mu nthawi zosiyanasiyana, anafunafuna kudziwa magawo yaikulu ya chitukuko cha moyo Padziko Lapansi, zikubweretsa zikamera wa machitidwe zamoyo, komanso mapangidwe zithunzi zamakono za chilengedwe. Anayambitsa taxonomy Karl Linney m'zaka za m'ma 18 mfundo za sayansi "moyo kwa anthu amoyo" amene ankanena kuti moyo pangabuke okha ku analipo mankhwala amoyo. Linnaeus sanalole ngakhale kafungo otchedwa m'badwo mowiriza wa zamoyo. German zamoyo Ernst Haeckel woyamba adafotokoza lingaliro la monophyletic - chiyambi cha zamoyo zonse kwa kholo limodzi. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck komanso kumbuyo mfundo yakuti unicellular makolo mawonekedwe zimenezi, zomwe zinachitika mu magawo oyambirira a chitukuko cha moyo padziko lapansi. Mwachidule pamwamba pa zonse, akhoza amanena kuti sayansi alipo pa kungoganizira chiyambi cha moyo anawagawira m'magulu awiri. Choyamba - abiogenic, kumaphatikizapo maganizo za mapangidwe nkhani amoyo zopanda moyo chikhalidwe (Alexander Oparin, Haldane, D., S. Miller). Other - biogenic, Kumaphatikizapo maonekedwe a zamoyo yekha ndi mtundu wawo (Virchow, Linnaeus, Darwin).

Kaya zamoyo pulayimale anali wamba makolo mawonekedwe

Magawo loyamba la chitukuko cha moyo Padziko Lapansi, ndipo abiotic (mankhwala), ndiye nthawi ya maonekedwe a biopolymers (mapuloteni ndi zidulo mkati) wotchedwa prebiological ndipo potsiriza, siteji ya kusanduka kwachilengedwenso (mapangidwe zamoyo chachikulu zokhala ndi selo imodzi). Iwo ophatikizidwa dzina biopoeza. Akatswiri ena (mwachitsanzo, D. Bernal, S. Miller) akufuna lingaliro la progenote - kholo, kumene archaea, eubacteria, nucleated maselo. Ena ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti eukaryotes adanyamuka osati kuchokera progenote, ndipo zinali chifukwa cha kudalirana, kapena kupangidwa chifukwa cha kusintha protobionts akunja Kakhungu. Taganizirani amanena mwatsatanetsatane.

The amanena za Oparin - Haldane

Mwa Mabaibulo ambiri sayansi, kuyesera kufotokoza chodabwitsa, kudziwika kwa sayansi siteji chisanadze zamoyo chitukuko cha dziko moyo, wotchuka kwambiri kungoganizira coacervate akutsikira. Iwo anakonza ndi Russian wasayansi A. I. Oparinym. maganizo ofanana anasonyeza ndi kafukufuku British D. Haldane. Asayansi malingaliro resonated ndi yaitali odziwika mu zamoyo kungoganizira m'badwo mowiriza wa moyo.

Mfundo yaikulu ya amanena za coacervates

Academician Oparin nkofunika kuti gulu la tinthu wa mankhwala organic, chifukwa cha mankhwala zako siteji akhoza kulenga khungu mokwanira wandiweyani. Motero, anthu anasiyanitsidwa primordial msuzi - chilengedwe madzi a nyanja wakale. magulu awa a mamolekyulu wasayansi wotchedwa coacervates. Iwo ankatha kuli ufulu kupitiriza kugawana njira yaikulu. Zofunika kwambiri, malinga Oparin, katundu wa coacervates ankachitira luso kukula ndi kugawikana (kubereka). D. Haldane, ankadalira PAMOYO Miller-Juri, amene anali experimentally analandira zinthu zovuta organic kuchokera chisakanizo cha methane, amoniya, haidrojeni, ndi mpweya. Mpheroyi mamolekyulu asidi kwa amino ndi dzuwa yosavuta. Izi zapangitsa kuti n'zotheka nyumba osiyana - probiontov.

Malinga Oparin ndi Haldane, magawo yoyamba ya chitukuko cha moyo Padziko Lapansi, zikubweretsa mapangidwe maofesi chachikulu - maselo kholo, linapereka maziko ndondomeko zina za zamoyo wa nkhani moyo. Tikumbukenso kuti zatsopano asayansi akwanitsa yoyerekeza zinthu zotheka kuti akhoza kukhala mu mlengalenga ndi nyanja ku pulayimale, + wa Kedesi kutentha ndi kuthamanga, ionizing cheza ndi kukha magetsi.

Probionty ndi katundu

Magawo loyambirira la chitukuko cha moyo Padziko Lapansi - ndi Hadean, Archean kenako, chinali kusintha kwa coacervates kudziletsa kukonza (probiontov) ku maselo amoyo chachikulu. Iye kunatheka chifukwa cha wapadera katundu probiontov luso kupanga nembanemba olekanitsidwa, kuthekera kwa mitundu zosavuta kubereka, kuwombola zofunika ndi ndondomeko kunja chilengedwe. Self-bungwe nucleoprotein mamolekyulu, chifukwa siteji mankhwala, loperekedwa probiontov chiwonetsero cha katundu wofunika kwambiri nkhani wamoyo - luso kusamutsa mudziwe chibadwa.

Kaperekedwe zamoyo wamoyo loyamba

Kwa nthawi yaitali (biliyoni 3.5 zaka zapitazo) inakhazikitsidwa m'dambo limene limafotokoza za zamoyo anapezeka. Iwo anali mu mawonekedwe a zatsalira cyanobacteria ndi zipolopolo Mbali yokhala ngati mureinovyh maselo makoma bakiteriya. zinthu Geochemical mu lithosphere Archean nyengo zikusintha, kotero prokaryotes topezeka chachikulu atengere iwo ndi kudzikundikira mitundu ambiri phenotypic. Photosynthesis ikuchitika mwa buluu wobiriwira algae (cyanobacteria), wapereka kusintha ofunika mafuta zikuchokera m'mlengalenga primordial a Dziko Lapansi, kulola kuti anthu zina linanena bungwe la malo m'madzi pa dziko. Ntchito yoyamba zamoyo prokaryotic, ndipo iwo anali makamaka sulfure ndi chitsulo mabakiteriya zinachititsa mapangidwe osati matope, koma monga mafuta ndiponso gasi.

Chifukwa zidatheka zikamera maselo eukaryotic

Monga ife tanenera kale, photosynthesis ntchito mabakiteriya wobiriwira ndi lofiirira sulfure ndi mabakiteriya chitsulo chinathandiza mapangidwe chishango wosanjikiza Mpweya umene ndi zikamera wa aerobic maselo eukaryotic. M'mawu ena, woyamba 3 anaima pa moyo wa dziko zinachititsa kuti pakhale wa biocenosis munali unicellular ndi multicellular zamoyo eukaryotic. Asayansi ambiri amakonda kukhulupirira kuti maonekedwe awo zinachitika pa 600 miliyoni zapitazo. Poyamba zamoyo nyukiliya zinali ndi umodzi tating'ono mitundu flagellate. Chifukwa cha divergence a iwo zomera choyamba - algae mogwirizana ndi bowa. Maganizo chidwi ofufuza ena kuti prokaryotes ali ndi zamoyo zinachita akufa-yotsiriza, chifukwa iwo sizinasinthe kwambiri mu magawo oyambirira a chitukuko cha moyo padziko lapansi. Biology amaika patsogolo zifukwa ziwiri kupanda zamoyo zinachita chitukuko cha zamoyo sanali nyukiliya.

The oyamba nkhawa kulephera kwa maselo prokaryotic kusintha bungwe zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chachiwiri - zovuta okhwima prokaryotes cholowa zinthu anagonjera yekha zozungulira DNA, wotchedwa pulasimidi.

Symbiosis, zomwe zinachititsa kuti zinthu zisinthe chosintha mu chikhalidwe

Maonekedwe a maselo nucleated mabwalo sayansi kufotokoza udindo symbiogenesis - chiphunzitso bungwe A. Shimperom. Popeza mapangidwe phata khungu, pamaso pa zomwe ndi mbali yaikulu ya eukaryotes, komanso mapangidwe mitochondria ndi chloroplasts zidatheka ndi kusintha kwa ena aerobic mabakiteriya. Kulowerera selo yaikulu ndi chinthu majini Kakhungu osiyana, mabakiteriya ndi maloboti kagayidwe ake ndi selo khamu. Chifukwa, iwo anataya mphamvu palokha kuli kunja kwa chipinda ndipo anayamba organelles ake kuvomerezedwa. Chidwi ndi kungoganizira amene akufotokoza maonekedwe a chloroplasts. Mukhoza Musaiwale kuti chiyambi cha organelles izi anaonetsetsa chodabwitsa autotrophic zakudya ndi dzuwa. Zotsatirazi A. Shimperom ngati odziwika bwino asayansi Russian monga KS Merezhkovsky, BM Kozo-Polyansky ndi ena anafotokoza kuti gulu mabakiteriya photosynthesis angathe kudalirana ndi maselo heterotrophic. Kamodzi cytoplasm, iwo zikuoneka anaphatikizana ndi kagayidwe ndi ma nchito monga organelles zitsulo, anadzatchedwa chloroplasts. Okha maselo heterotrophic mutate mu umodzi tating'ono wobiriwira algae, kukhala woyamba eukaryotes autotrophic.

Biogeocoenoses Vendian

Choncho, coexistence wa mitundu yambiri ya si nyukiliya zamoyo - mabakiteriya - kungachititse kuti mapangidwe m'dongosolo latsopano - selo eukaryotic. Kupitiriza kuphunzira magawo oyambirira a chitukuko cha moyo padziko lapansi, tiyeni Vendian Proterozoic zaka, zomwe m'malo Archean. Mu malo m'madzi, - chopunthira chachikulu cha moyo pa dziko, ndi biogeocoenoses woyamba kupangidwa. Olima anali photosynthesis mabakiteriya ndi unicellular ndi atsamunda wobiriwira algae.

Iwo anali olekanitsidwa mpweya, apanga zinthu organic ntchito ndi zamoyo heterotrophic: unicellular mogwirizana ndi njira multicellular: coelenterates ndi trilobites. Vendian nthawi kuthera mu magawo woyamba wa chitukuko cha moyo padziko lapansi. Eram ndi nthawi zotsatirazi izo, anali kugwiritsa zina njira ya zamoyo wa chilengedwe wamoyo, zonse zochokera kusintha kwa majini ndi kusankha zamoyo.