Malankhulidwe. Malamulo a ulemu. Malamulo oyambirira a chilankhulo choyankhula m'maulendo osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana: zitsanzo

kulankhula kwa anthu - Nkofunika characterological chizindikiro pa n'zotheka kudziwa osati mlingo wa maphunziro, koma mmene udindo wake ndi chilango. Kamakupatsani ubale wake ndi anthu ena, okha, chifukwa chakuti. Choncho, ntchito pa mawu ake ndi zofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna bwino kulankhulana ndi anthu ena. Malamulo a mawu abwino, mwachidule zomwe aliyense wa ife amaphunzira adakali ana, zimathandiza kudziwa bwino pakati pa anthu ndi kuthandiza kukhazikitsa ubale.

Lingaliro la mawu zodyera

Zodyera - mndandanda wa malamulo ndi malamulo a khalidwe zambiri osalembedwa malamulo aliyense amaphunzira limodzi ndi chikhalidwe. Compliance ndi malamulo a mawu zodyera kawirikawiri sayenera kuchita mu malemba kapena kulemba, koma kuvomerezedwa aliyense amene akufuna bwino ndi anthu ena. Kulankhula zodyera n'kukulemberani anakhumba mawonekedwe wapakamwa zinthu mmene kulankhulana. Malamulo amenewa palibe ndinaganiza mwadala, zinapangidwa m'kupita kwa anzake anthu kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Aliyense mitunduyi zodyera inayambira, mbali ndi options. Kulankhula ulemu, malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ndi chizindikiro cha munthu wophunzira ndiponso mwaulemu ndi Subconsciously kusintha kwa maganizo abwino a munthuyo, ndipo ntchito zawo.

Mbiri ya yatsoka

Mawu "zodyera" linachoka ku chi Herene ku French. Etymologically, amabwerera ku muzu kutanthauza kuti, ulamuliro. Mu France, Mau ntchito pofotokoza khadi wapadera, limene malamulo a makhalidwe ndi khalidwe patebulo achifumu anali dokotala. Koma mu nthawi ya Louis XIV zodyera chodabwitsa yokha, ndithudi, izo si linalake, ndi zambiri chiyambi wakale. Malamulo a mawu abwino, mwachidule zimene tinganene kuti mawu akuti "kulankhulana bwino", anayamba kupanga pamene anthu anali kuphunzira kumanga ubale ndi kukambirana wina ndi mnzake. Ngakhale kalelo panali malamulo zomwe zimathandiza interlocutors kuthetsa kusakhulupirirana mwagwirizana ndi kukhazikitsa kulankhulana. Choncho, malamulo a khalidwe labwino akulongosoledwa Mabuku a Agiriki akale, Aiguputo. malamulo zodyera kalelo anali mtundu wa mwambo, lomwe analichita interlocutors kuti iwo ali a "magazi" kuti nkhabe loopsa. Aliyense anali ndi mwambo chigawo wapakamwa ndipo popanda mawu n'komwe. Kenako tanthauzo lake loyambirira la zochita zambiri, koma miyambo ndi chiphunzitso chake wapakamwa lili ndi akupitiriza kusewera.

Ntchito ya kulankhula zodyera

Munthu zamakono zambiri funso n'lakuti zimene amafuna malamulo a mawu abwino? The yochepa yankho - kusangalatsa anthu ena. The Ntchito yaikulu ya kulankhula zodyera - kogwirizana. Pamene gwero complies ndi malamulo ambiri, zimapangitsa izo kwambiri kumvetsa komanso m'tsogolo, ife mosalingalira zinthu molimba zimene ifeyo bwino. Amabwerera ku nthawi wosazindikira, pamene dziko mozungulira anali wosavomerezedwa kwambiri ndipo kulikonse ali pangozi, ngati mwambo miyambo inali yofunika kwambiri. Ndipo pamene kulankhulana naye anachita akonzedwa bwino zochita, akunena mau olondola, izo amachotsa mbali ya kukayikirana ndi facilitates kukhudzana. Lero, anthufe chibadwa limatiuzanso kuti munthuyo kutsatira malamulo wodalirika kwambiri. Malamulo ndi mchikhalidwe wa kulankhula zodyera kuchita ntchito ya n'kupanga zabwino mpweya maganizo, yokonzera kukopa yabwino pa interlocutor lapansi. Kulankhula zodyera monga njira kulemekeza munthu wina, kumathandiza kutsindika udindo wa maudindo pakati pa anthu kuti ndi udindo wa zinthu kulankhulana - malonda, mwamwayi ndiponso ochezeka. Choncho, malamulo a mawu abwino ndi chida cha kupewa mikangano. Mbali ya mavuto atachotsedwa mwa mitunduyi yosavuta zodyera. Kulankhula zodyera monga gawo mwamwambo chabe maganizo a akuchita ntchito zolimbana, zimathandiza kukhazikitsa ojambula, umakhudza khalidwe la anthu pa zochitika lililonse.

Mitundu ya kulankhula zodyera

Monga chinenero chilichonse, zodyera khalidwe wapakamwa ndi osiyana kwambiri mu maonekedwe ake olembedwa ndi m'kamwa. mitundu olembedwa malamulo kuyeza kwambiri, ndipo mu mawonekedwe chilinganizo zodyera zambiri chofunika ntchito. Mawonekedwe m'kamwa ndi zambiri demokalase ndi kuloledwa ena mipata kapena kuchotsa mawu ndi zochita. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zina m'malo mwa "Hello" mukhoza kugwedeza kapena pang'ono uta.

Zodyera kuzichita malamulo a makhalidwe pa zinthu zina ndi zinthu. Iwo anaganiza kuonetsetsa angapo losiyanasiyana mawu abwino. Official, malonda kapena katswiri kulankhula zodyera amasonyeza malamulo a khalidwe wapakamwa mu pochita ntchito boma mu zokambirana, mu yokonza zikalata. mitundu Izi ndithu formalized, makamaka osiyanasiyana olembedwa. malamulo Russian wa kulankhula zodyera zoikamo osankhidwa ndi osasankhidwa akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri, woyamba chizindikiro kusintha kwa mtundu wina kuti zodyera wina akhoza kusintha mankhwala pa "inu" kumukopa kuti "inu." Wamba mawu abwino ndi ufulu wambiri kuposa boma, apa pali masiyanidwe wamkulu mitunduyi kiyi wa zodyera. Komanso, pali mitundu ya kulankhula zodyera monga mgwirizano wa mayiko, asilikali ndi achipembedzo.

Mfundo za makono polankhula zodyera

malangizo alionse a makhalidwe mfundo za chilengedwe za makhalidwe abwino, si zosiyana ndi mawu abwino. Golide ulamuliro wa kulankhula zodyera zachokera waukulu mfundo za makhalidwe abwino, kukonza ndi Kant: Kodi kwa ena zimene muwachitire iwo kwa paiwe. Choncho, mwaulemu ndiponso pazikhalanso mitunduyi ngati kuti munthuyo okonzeka kumva. Zoyamba za mawu abwino ndi kugwirizana molondola, kufupika ndi olondola. wolankhulayo ayenera kusankha mitunduyi mawu mogwirizana ndi vutoli, udindo wa gwero, mlingo wa ankadziwa naye. Mulimonsemo m'pofunika kulankhula mwachidule ngati n'kotheka, koma Musataye nthawi yomweyo tanthauzo la zimene zinanenedwa. Ndipo, ndithudi, wokamba ayenera kukhala aulemu kwa bwenzi kulankhulana ndi tiyesa kumanga mfundo zanu mogwirizana ndi malamulo a chinenero cha Chirasha. Kulankhula zodyera mogwirizana ndi mfundo ziwiri zofunika: ndikufunitsitsa ndi mgwirizano. Aulemu munthu amachitira anthu ena kolowera choyambirira cha zabwino, izo ziyenera kukhala oona mtima ndi wochezeka. Anthu kuti akhale mbali zonse kuchita zonse kucheza anali wopindulitsa, matanthauzo n'zothandiza ndi zosangalatsa kwa ophunzira onse.

zodyera zinthu

Zodyera amalamulira khalidwe munyengo zosiyanasiyana. Pachikhalidwe, izo zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri malo osankhidwa ndi tsiku ndi tsiku, komanso njira zosiyanasiyana linakhalapo: mu kulemba kapena pakamwa. Komabe, pali malamulo onse a mawu abwino mu osiyana zochitika kulankhula. Mndandanda motikomera ali yemweyo kumunda onse, zikhalidwe ndi mitundu. Zochitika muyezo zodyera monga:

- moni;

- kukopa tcheru ndi chithandizo;

- ulaliki ndi oyamba;

- pempho;

- pempholo;

- pempho;

- Council;

- kuyamikira;

- kalata yomasulira ndi chilolezo;

- Zabwino;

- chifundo;

- chifundo ndi chitonthozo;

- kuthekera.

Zochitika ali zodyera wangwiro ya mitunduyi kulankhula, analimbikitsa ntchito.

makhalidwe National zodyera

Kulankhula zodyera zachokera konsekonse, konsekonse makhalidwe mfundo. Choncho, pamaziko a yemweyo mu zikhalidwe zonse. Izi mfundo zoti khalidwe la mayiko onse omwe kudziletsa ku chiwonetsero cha mtima, ulemu, yamtunduwu ndi luso logwiritsa ntchito mitunduyi muyezo malankhulidwe zoyenera zinthu, kukhala ndi maganizo abwino kwa interlocutor lapansi. Koma kuzindikira makamaka za malamulo chilengedwe siyana kwambiri mu zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana mitundu. Masiyanidwe nthawi akuwonetseredwa mu kulankhula kulembetsa muyezo zinthu. Wonse chikhalidwe kulankhulana amakhudza dziko mawu abwino. Zodyera Mwachitsanzo, m'chilankhulo cha Russian kutanthauza kukhalabe kukambirana, ngakhale alendo, ngati chinachitika kukhala nawo m'chingalawa (mu chipinda sitima), pamene Japanese ndi British adzayesa kuti akhale chete mu zinthu zomwezo, kapena kulankhula mu mitu kwambiri ndale. Osati kuti atsekerezedwa polankhula ndi alendo, ayenera kukonzekera msonkhano, bwerezani malamulo awo abwino.

zinthu kuti kukumana

Malamulo waukulu wa kulankhula zodyera poyambira kukambirana zokhudzana ndi kulembetsa kwa mawu a olandiridwa ndi mankhwala. chilinganizo zoyambirira za moni ndi mawu akuti "moni" chinenero Russian. Zimakhala n'chimodzimodzi ndi mawu oti "Ine tikukulandirani inu" ndi kukhudza wa chachikale chinkawavuta ndi "tsiku labwino, m'mawa, madzulo" kwambiri maganizo, poyerekeza chiphunzitso zofunika. Gawo moni ndi mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri pokhazikitsa kukhudzana, mawu ayenera kutchulidwa ndi mawu oona, ndi ndalama za zolemba za kutengeka positive.

Njira kukopa chidwi ndi mawu akuti: "tiyeni / chilolezo kulankhula", "pepani", "pepani" ndi kuwonjezera kwa ilo ndi ofotokozera akuti: zithunzi, zopempha, ndi malingaliro.

kusamalirira mkhalidwewu

Kuthana - mmodzi wa mavuto ambiri, zodyera, chifukwa n'kovuta kupeza dzina abwino kwa munthu amene mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito. chilankhulo Russian imatengedwa lero chilengedwe pempho "Bwana / Madam", koma mawu iwo nthawizonse bwino ndinazolowera mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo losakhala la m'Malemba mu nyengo ya Soviet. Bwino chithandizo - ndi dzina kapena mwa dzina, koma Sizotheka. Zikachitika-angakuchitireni: pamtima ndi mawu "mtsikana", "mkazi", "munthu". Mu vuto kulankhulana akatswiri akhoza kufika pansi pa dzina la maudindo anthu, monga "Bambo Director." malamulo General wa kulankhula zodyera akhoza zakambidwa mwachidule ngati Pofuna kutonthoza anthu kuti. Kukonda Mulimonsemo sayenera amatchula ena khalidwe la munthu (kugonana, zaka, fuko kapena chikhulupiriro).

Contact zinthu akamaliza

Chomaliza mu kuyankhulana ndi kofunika kwambiri, aponso, izo adzakumbukira mumbali ndi kufunika kuyesa kusiya kuganiza positive. Malamulo mwachizolowezi wa kulankhula zodyera zitsanzo za zimene tikudziwa pa ubwana, Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito miyambo asiyane akuti "bai", "kuona inu", "tiwonana." Komabe, chomaliza ayenera mulinso ndi zikomo chifukwa chotenga nthawi yocheza, mwina chifukwa cha mgwirizano wawo. Mukhozanso anasonyezera chiyembekezo mgwirizano zina, kunena mawu olimbikitsa. Kulankhula zodyera, zodyera tikulimbikitsidwa kumapeto kwa oyandikana kuthandiza chithunzi chabwino, kulenga chikhalidwe maganizo a mtima ndi wachikondi. Izi zimathandiza chilinganizo khola: "Zinali zabwino kwambiri kulankhula nanu, ine ndikuyembekeza kuti mgwirizano zina." Koma inayake mawu ayenera kutchulidwa kwambiri moona mtima ndi tinganene kuti ndapeza tanthauzo chenicheni. Apo ayi, tiwonana sadzasiya yankho anakhumba maganizo mu bwenzi kukumbukira.

Terms kugonjera ndi chikondi

zinthu ayenera analankhula womdziwa wa mankhwala. Business kulankhulana, kulankhula ndi alendo kuganiza pamtima "inu." Malinga ndi malamulo a mawu ulemu, "inu" angatanthauze mzake kokha mwa wochezeka ndipo tsiku ndi tsiku kulankhulana. Chifaniziro wopangidwa ndi mawu monga akuti "ndiroleni ine timathandiza", "timudziwe bwino, chonde," "amakulolani kugonjera." Woimira komanso akulongosola mwachidule za ikuimira "malo, dzina, malo a ntchito kapena mwatsatanetsatane makamaka chidwi." Kodi ndithudi dziŵani kupatula phokoso la dzina lake, kuti mawu abwino, "ndasangalala kukumana nanu", "zabwino kwambiri."

Terms of Zabwino ndiponso kuyamikira

malamulo amakono wa kulankhula zodyera chinenero cha Chirasha, kupereka assortment mwachilungamo yaikulu ya mitunduyi kwa kuyamikira. Kuyambira losavuta "zikomo" ndipo "zikomo" kuti "kosatha oyamikira" ndi "kwambiri". Iwo anapanga utumiki waukulu kapena mphatso kuwonjezera mawu oyamikira zina mawu abwino monga, "zabwino kwambiri," "Ine wandikhudza," "Inu ndinu mtundu." Zabwino zonse mitunduyi kulibe kwambiri. Kulemba moni kwa nthawi iliyonse, m'pofunika tione mawu payekha, popanda alipidwa "Apo," omwe amatsindika mbali ya kulingalira ndi munthu wolemekezeka. Zabwino lemba ayenera mfundo iliyonse, ndi zofunika kuti iwo sanali stereotyped, ndiponso zogwirizana ndi kupambana ya ule akhadawisa payekha. Azigamula moni ayenera kukhala kumverera wapadera, amene adzakupatsani mawu mtengo kwambiri.

Malamulo kuitana, kupeleka pempho, chilolezo ndi chokana

Ochititsa munthu kutenga chilichonse mtsikana, ayenera kutsatira malamulo a mawu abwino. Vuto oitanira, maganizo ndi mapemphero zofanana, zimene wokamba ndi nthawi pang'ono amachepetsa udindo wa udindo wake mauthenga komanso anatsindika kufunika interlocutor lapansi. Mawu oitanira ndi mawu akuti "tapatsidwa mwayi kuitana" omwe ankadziwa kufunika kwa mlendo wapadera. Pakuti oitanira, maganizo ndi akupempha ntchito mawu akuti "kufunsa", "ngati inu chonde", "chonde." The pempho kupereka akhoza ananenanso za maganizo ake pa pempho la Yesu, "adzakhala wosangalala / wosangalala kuona inu", "okondwa kupereka inu." Chonde - vuto limene wokamba mwadala yafupika pamalo ake kuyankhulana, koma musati overdo ichi, zopempha miyambo kapangidwe ndi mawu akuti: "Ndikukupemphani", "kodi". Kuvomereza ndi kukana kutenga makhalidwe osiyana chabe. Ngati palibe mgwirizano angakhale achidule kwambiri, kuti timakana onetsetsani kuti ayende formulations ululu ndiponso olimbikitsa, mwachitsanzo, "mwatsoka, ndi kukana kupereka zanu, chifukwa pa nthawiyo ...".

Terms of condolence, chisoni ndi kupepesa

Zinthu zochititsa chidwi ndiponso oopsa, mawu abwino, zodyera bwino kokha kufotokoza maganizo odzipereka. Childs, chisoni ndi chifundo ayenera mawu olimbikitsa, monga "chisoni chifukwa ... ndi otsimikiza kuti ...." Condolences zinali kuperekedwa nthawi kwenikweni kokha zoopsa, iwonso kukamba za maganizo awo, ayenera kupereka thandizo. Mwachitsanzo, "Ine ndina condolences langa lodzipereka pa imfa ya ... zinandipatsa maganizo owawa. Mukhoza kundidalira vuto la kusowa. "

Terms akusangalala ndi kutamanda

Kuthokoza - yofunika kwambiri pokhazikitsa ubwenzi wabwino, kufa ziwalo izi chikhalidwe - chida champhamvu kukhazikitsa ubwenzi wabwino. Koma chiyamiko - ndi luso. Kuchokera osyasyalika a digiri awo olemekezeka a oona. Kuthekera - yekha ndi kusinjirira pang'ono choonadi. Malamulo a mawu abwino mu chinenero boma Russian kuti kuyamikira ndi matamando ayenera nthawi zonse kuchiza munthu, osati kwa zinthu, kotero mawu, "ngati ndinu kavalidwe" - kuphwanya malamulo amakhalidwe abwino, koma kuthekera weniweni akuti "ndiwe wokongola mu izi wavalira. " Praise anthu angathe ndipo ayenera kukhala pa zonse: kwa luso, makhalidwe kuchitila, chifukwa maganizo.