Chimakono - izo ... chimakono zaluso. oimira chimakono

Chimakono - gulu la zojambulajambula yodziwika ndi kuchoka ku yapita zinachitikira m'mbiri luso mpaka kukana kwake kwathunthu. Chimakono anatuluka mu m'ma 19 mochedwa, koma pachimake anabwera oyambirira 20 atumwi TH. Kukula kwa chimakono anali limodzi ndi kusintha kwakukulu mu mabuku, luso zithunzi ndi zomangamanga. Culture ndi luso sangathe nthawi zonse kukhala kusintha lachibadwa, koma kufunika chimakono monga njira kusintha pa chiyambi cha m'ma 20 kale kuoneka. Kwenikweni, ndondomeko Mokweza ndi bata, koma nthawi zina anatenga mitundu nkhondo ya chimakono, ngati momwe zinalili ndi wojambula wamng'ono Salvador Dali, amene anali kuyesera kuti amange luso surrealism mwamsanga. Komabe, chikhalidwe ndi luso angathe yake, choncho palibe amene anganene kufulumizitsa kapena m'mbuyo ndondomekoyi.

Evolution ya chimakono ndi

The mawonedwe a chimakono wakhala lalikulu mu zoyambirira za m'ma 20, koma kenako wofuna kusintha mu luso anayamba kutha, ndi French "luso Nouveau", German "Art Nouveau" ndi "Russian zamakono" yapitayi chimakono monga chodabwitsa chosintha, anatenga njira inanso omasuka .

Chimakono paluso kapena luso chimakono?

Kumvetsa kutsogoza formulations awa anali kuti olemba mabuku, ojambula zithunzi ndi mapulani a dziko lonse kutukuka. Akuluakulu a magetsi kutsogolera m'munda wa luso ankakhulupirira kuti chimakono - ndi nthawi yaitali kusintha, ndipo ayenera kusankha chitukuko zina za chitukuko ya nthambi zina za kukonzanso chimakono udindo wa Madera munthu m'munda wa luso ndi kanthu kwambiri. Vutolo anapitiriza kutsimikizira mfundo zawo palibe munthu akanakhoza. Komabe, chimakono zaluso anabwera, ndipo uyu anali kutsogolera kwa pofuna kukwaniritsa mu njira zonse. Kusintha sanali noticeable yomweyo amakhudza inertia ya anthu, monga mwa nthawi zonse, anayamba kukambirana zochita latsopano, wina anali kusintha, munthu salandira iwo. Ndiye patsogolo zinthu chimakono luso atsogoleri, olemba otchuka, oimba, ndi onse amene anaganiza kupata, anayamba kuuza anthu zinthu zatsopano, ndipo m'kupita chimakono anamuzindikira.

Chimakono mu luso zithunzi

Malangizo waukulu chimakono ndi chithunzi m'ziwawa, chithunzi chojambulidwa, zosemasema ndi ena mitundu ya luso zithunzi anatuluka mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. maziko anauika 1863, pamene Paris linakhazikitsidwa otchedwa 'Salon des Akhonda ", kusonkhana-avngardisty ojambula zithunzi ndi kupereka ntchito zawo. okonzera dzina odziwikiratu, anthu sanamvere chithunzi umboni, anakana. Komabe, maonekedwe chabe "Salon des Akhonda" anati modernist luso akuyembekezera kuzindikira.

mayendedwe chimakono

Posachedwa mumaganiza modernist natenga maonekedwe konkire, zochita potsatira luso:

• Mkota expressionism - kalembedwe wapadera wa kupenta kumene wojambula amathera luso lake osachepera kuchuluka kwa nthawi, amaponyera utoto pa nsalu, chikunena wachisokonezo kwa maburashi kupenta, mosintha kuchititsa zikwapu.
• Dada - zosemasema mu mawonekedwe collage wamasiku pa chinsalu ndi zidutswa pang'ono za mfundoyo. Images zambiri zinapatsira ndi lingaliro la negation, njira ya choonadi kuti nkhaniyi. Kalembedwe adawuka pomwepo pambuyo First World nkhondo ndipo anakhala anaonetsa maganizo kupanda chiyembekezo ndi kugonjetsa anthu.
• Cubism - mosintha anakonza zojambula chithunzi. Kalembedwe yokha kwambiri luso, katswiri choyambirira kalembedwe cubism analenga Pablo Pikasso. A njira yosiyana kwa ntchito ya wojambula Pol Sezann - Zojambula ake ali m'gulu la chuma cha zojambulajambula.
• Post-Impressionism - kukana wa zenizeni zooneka ndi m'malo a zithunzi zenizeni za kukongoletsa stylization. Kalembedwe ndi kuthekera kwakukulu, koma akuyendera kwathunthu yekha Vincent galimoto Gogh ndi Pol Gogen.

Surrealism, mmodzi wa malinga waukulu chimakono

Surrealism - maloto ndi zenizeni, luso woona, kusonyeza malingaliro chinthu chosangalatsa wa mmisiri. The olemekezeka amisiri surrealist anali Salvador Dali, Ernst Fuchs ndi Arno Breker, zimene zonse pamodzi "Golden Triangle wa surrealism".

Painting kalembedwe ndi zowawa za kwambiri

Fauvism - kalembedwe makamaka, kuchititsa tanthauzo la masautso ndi mphamvu, yodziwika ndi kukwezedwa kwa mtundu ndi "chilombo" mitundu limaonetseratu. chiwembu ndi nthawi zambiri kufika poipa. Atsogoleri a kukuchititsa zimenezi zinali Henri Matisse ndi André Derain.

Organics zaluso

Futurism - kusakanikirana organic luso ndi mfundo za Cubism fomizma, chipolowe cha mitundu wosakaniza ndi pa mphambano za mizere molunjika, Triangles ndipo kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino. Image Mphamvu ndi khalidwe zonse yambiri mu chithunzi chilichonse likuyenda, mphamvu Tingaone mu chilichonse.

Kalembedwe Chijojiya wojambula Niko Pirosmani

Primitivism - fano luso mu kalembedwe dala ndi dala zosabvuta, chifukwa mu dongosolo ngati wosazindikira zilandiridwenso wa mwana kapena zojambula pakhoma m'mapanga a osatukuka. Wosazindikira kalembedwe kupenta sizichepetsa mlingo wake luso, ngati limachokera ndi wojambula woona. A nthumwi otchuka primitivism anali Niko Pirosmani.

zolembalemba chimakono

Zolembalemba chimakono m'malo chokhazikitsidwa malamulo chakale cha Nkhani. Anapangidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, kalembedwe mabuku kulemba ndi nkhani pang'onopang'ono anayamba kusonyeza zizindikiro za stagnation, panali chongosangalatsa zina zosonyeza ulaliki. Ndiye olemba anayamba ena, kutanthauzira mimba luso kale ntchito. Owerenga akhala akuperekedwa mfundo maganizo ndi nzeru za anthu. Choncho kalembedwe ameneyo tanthawuzo la "mtsinje wa chikumbu" potengera nzeru zozama mu kuwerenga maganizo a m'nkhaniyi. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pa chimakono mabuku ndi buku ndi American analemba William Faulkner amatchedwa "Sound ndi mkwiyo."

Aliyense wa mawonekedwe a buku ndi kusanthula mfundo za ofunika, makhalidwe ake abwino ndi zokhumba. njira Faulkner ndi kulungamitsidwa, chifukwa ndi chifukwa khama ndiponso kusanthula chikhalidwe cha khalidwe ndi nkhani yosangalatsa. Kafukufuku wake Uilyam Folkner analilemba ndi mbali ya "golide zisanu" US olemba, komanso alembi ena awiri - Dzhon Steynbek ndi Skott Fittsdzherald, amene ntchito yake kuyesera kutsatira ulamuliro wa mozama kusanthula.

oimira chimakono mabuku:

• Uolt Uitmen, amadziwika kuti ndakatulo yake deta "Masamba a Grass."
• Sharl Bodler - magulu andakatulo, "Maluwa a Choipa".
• Arthur Rambo - ndakatulo "Illuminations", "yotentha wina mu gehena."
• Fyodor Dostoevsky ndi ntchito za "Abale Karamazov" ndi "Chilango" ndi Russian mabuku chimakono.

Ntchito ya kalozera mphamvu vekitala zimene zimakhudza olemba - anayambitsa chimakono, yotengekatengeka nzeru ena Henri Bergson, Uilyam Dzheyms, Fridrih Nitsshe, ndi ena. Ine sindikufuna kukhala padera ndi Sigmund Freud.

Ndiyamika chimakono mu zaka makumi atatu a mitundu zolembalemba m'ma 20 anali ukasintha anasintha.

Nthawi ya chimakono, olemba ndi andakatulo?

Mwa odziwika olemba chimakono nthawi ndi olemba zotsatirazi ndi ndakatulo

• Anna Akhmatova (1889-1966) - Russian ndakatulo ndi tsoka tsoka, anataya banja lake mu zaka za repressions Stalin. Iye ndi woyambitsa wa zopereka angapo a ndakatulo, komanso odziwika ndakatulo "Requiem".
• Franz Kafka (1883-1924) - ndi maganizo kwambiri Austria wolemba amene ntchito ankatengedwa chotheka. Pa moyo wa mlembi wa mabuku ake analibe lofalitsidwa. Atamwalira Kafka ntchito zake zonse zasindikizidwa, ngakhale kuti iye sanagwirizane nazo mpang'ono pomwe kuti izi ndi pamene moyo conjured executors wake kuwotcha mabuku yomweyo pambuyo pa imfa yake. Panokha kuwononga wolemba pamanja sakanakhoza, monga adapita manja ndi kubwerera kuti wolemba, palibe admirers wake sanali kupita.
• Uilyam Folkner (1898-1962) - wopambana wa 1949 Nobel Prize Literature, umene uli wotchuka chifukwa analenga County zopeka mu chimake American, wotchedwa Yoknapatawpha, peopled ndi anthu ndiponso anayamba kufotokoza miyoyo yawo. ntchito Faulkner ndi yodabwitsa kwambiri structural chilengedwe, koma ngati owerenga amalephera kumvetsa ulusi nkhani, ndiye kuchotsa izo kwa buku la nkhani kapena nkhani ya wolemba wotchuka American ndi zosatheka.
• Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) - mmodzi wa ophunzira wokhulupirika chimakono mabuku. Kunena wake ndi nkhani amenewo akukantha mphamvu zawo kwambiri. Pa moyo wake, mlembi anali ndi irritant kuti akuluakulu a US, sanasangalale kukaikira zopusa njira kuti zinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi CIA kubweretsa Hemingway kumbali yake, anali zosamveka. Izo zonse zikuthera ndi mantha kusokonezeka wolemba ndi mayikidwe afika kuchipatala cha anthu amisala. Wolemba ali chikondi chimodzi chokha mu moyo wake - kusaka mfuti yake. July 2, 1961 Hemingway anadzipha ndi kuwombera yekha ndi mfuti ili.
• Thomas Mann (1875-1955) - German wolemba, wolemba nkhani wina, mmodzi wa achangu olemba andale a Germany. ntchito zake zonse zinapatsira ndi ndale koma phindu lake luso, iwo Musataye pamenepa. Mann ndi mlendo kwa zilandiridwenso ndi zimamvekera, chitsanzo - ". Akhulupirika wa Felix Krull" buku The protagonist ndi khalidwe ntchito za Oscar Wilde, Dorian Gray. Zizindikiro za chimakono ntchito za Thomas Mann zoonekeratu.
• Marcel Proust (1871-1922) - French wolemba, wolemba ntchito seveni buku "Kufunafuna Lost Time", umene chimodzi cha zitsanzo kwambiri ofotokoza za m'ma 20. Proust ali wotsatira tchalitchi cha chimakono monga momwe kwambiri zingamuthandize chitukuko zolembalemba.
• Virdzhiniya Vulf (1882-1942) - English wolemba, akuganiza wotsatira kwambiri lodalirika la "mtsinje wa chikumbu mtima". Chimakono anali wolemba tanthauzo la moyo, kuphatikiza mabuku ambiri a Virginia Woolf mu kakatundu ndi zimasintha angapo ntchito zake.

Zolembalemba chimakono ali ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa ntchito ya olemba ndi ndakatulo mawu a kusintha ndi chitukuko.

zomangamanga zamakono

Mawu akuti "chimakono pa zomangamanga" amatanthauza akuti "zomangamanga zamakono" chifukwa limafotokoza kugwirizana ndi zomveka. Koma mfundo chimakono sikuti amatanthauza "ano" ndi mawu abwino kwambiri "wamakono." Art Nouveau ndi chimakono - mfundo ziwiri zosiyana.

zomangamanga Modernist akusonyeza chiyambi cha apainiya kulenga ya zomangamanga ano ndi ntchito iwo wina nthawi, ndi 20-bit ndi 70 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. zomangamanga Modern kunayamba kanjedza posachedwapa. Amalembedwa zaka makumi asanu ndipo pali nthawi ya chimakono pa zomangamanga, pamene zikamera wa mumaganiza latsopano.

Trends pa zomangamanga zamakono

Modern zomangamanga - awa ndi malo osiyana a zomangamanga, monga European yomanga zinchito za 1920-30 kapena wosasinthika rationalism a zomangamanga Russian a makumi, pamene zinalili mumzinda zikwi ntchito limodzi. Izi German "Bauhaus", "Art Deco" mu France, padziko lonse kalembedwe, organic, brutalism zomangamanga. Zonsezi pamwambapa ndi nthambi za mtengo umodzi - zomangamanga ano.

Prestavitelyami chimakono pa zomangamanga ndi: Le Korbyuze, Oscar Niemeyer, Richard Neutra, Walter Gropius, Frenk Lloyd Rayt ndi ena.

Chimakono mu nyimbo

Chimakono - m'malo kalembedwe mfundo koma kusintha nyimbo zimadalira kwenikweni malangizo onse a chikhalidwe ethnographic wa anthu a. mumaganiza Progressive a zigawo chikhalidwe ndi amatipeza limodzi ndi kusinthika mu dziko la nyimbo. Modernity amapanga zinthu zake mabungwe nyimbo amene akufalitsa m'deralo. Komabe, chikhalidwe cha chimakono sasintha njira yakale nyimbo.