Malungo - ndi ... malungo zamoyo zina. Zizindikiro, matenda, mankhwala ndi kupewa malungo

Malungo - matenda oopsa, nthawi zina amapha. Anthu omwe ali ndi, monga ulamuliro, pali matenda, kuphatikizapo kuzizira, kutentha thupi, boma chimfine. Disease malungo ndi imabwera wamkulu wa imfa. Komabe, panthawi yake ndi lolondola chithandizo chingalepheretse izo. Malungo amayamba ndi Plasmodium, ndi chamoyo amakhala zina mtundu wa udzudzu wakudya mwazi wa munthu. Pansipa, m'magazini ino tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane. Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza mankhwala ndi kuteteza matenda angapezeke mu buku lino.

nkhani

Zizindikiro za malungo anatchula mu akale Chinese mankhwala. Zizindikiro zina khalidwe matenda, umene pambuyo pake unatchedwa malungo zopezeka mu ntchito ya ufumu dokotala Nei Jing "Canon of Medicine". Matenda anali wotchuka mu Greece monga zaka za m'ma 4 BC, pamene iye anali chifukwa cha mlingo mkulu imfa. Zizindikiro zazikulu ndi kulitsatira Hippocrates ndi afilosofi ena akale ndi madokotala. Susruta Hindu dokotala, woganiza ndi kutsatira za Ayurveda, mu buku lake ananenanso za zizindikiro za malungo ndipo anayankhula za maonekedwe awo pambuyo analumidwa ndi ena tizilombo. Ena Aroma olemba kugwirizana ndi zithaphwi malungo.

Kufunsa maganizo nthawizonse kufunafuna njira kuchiritsa onse a matenda. Amene yekha njira anadza kwa malungo akale: Kuchotsa magazi, amputation wa nthambi alumidwa, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama Opium ... Ndinakopeka ngakhale okhulupirira nyenyezi amene zogwirizana pafupipafupi yatsoka cha malungo malungowa ndi zochitika zakuthambo ndi malo a nyenyezi zirili mlengalenga. Ambiri Anayamba ufiti. Scientific Albertus Magnus, ndi Republic, akatswiri a malungo ndi Kudya n'kuwaika m'mabanzi yaing'ono, anakonza kuchokera ufa ndi mkodzo anthu wodwala, komanso kumwa chakumwa chimene m'gulu mowa wamphesa, magazi kachilombo ndi tsabola.

The wakale Greek dokotala Galen, amene ankagwira ntchito ku Rome, anandiuza kuti kusanza kuti amapezeka malungo, ndi kuyesa za thupi kutulutsa poizoni kunja ndi magazi Iyamba machiritso. Mfundo zimenezi atsatira mankhwala kwa zaka mazana khumi ndi asanu. Nthawi osawerengeka a malungo anali pansi magazi m'mitsempha kukhonda kuyeretsa m'mimba ndipo matumbo mwa enemas ndi kusanza. Izi zayambitsa mavuto: anthu anamwalira magazi m'thupi ndi ludzu, komanso ladziko zizindikiro malungo nthawi yaifupi.

Mu China mu 2 m'ma BC ntchito zachipatala anafotokoza mbewu Artemisia kapena chowawa lokoma, ntchito ngati mankhwala a malungo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu 1971, asayansi Chinese olekanitsidwa izo, yogwira pophika - artemisinin. Pa nkhondo Vietnam ndi khama pa kuphunzira katundu odana malungowa wa chowawa wokoma. Tingafinye wa mbewu kudyetsedwa zasayansi makoswe ndi mbewa matenda tizilombo ta malungo. Artemisinin anali ndithu zothandiza, komanso kwinini ndi chloroquine. The opangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu lero ndi mbali ya mankhwala amphamvu ndi ogwira odana malungowa.

Mtundu wa Plasmodium kuti chimachititsa chitukuko malungo, anali woyamba anatulukira ndi dokotala French ndi wasayansi Laveranom m'zaka 19 mochedwa. Akatswiri Russian mwachita chopereka kwambiri kuti kuphunzira matenda ndi chitukuko cha njira vutolo. Mmodzi mwa akatswiri amenewa Dziwani EI Martsinovsky, VA Danilevsky, SP Botkin. Pa Choyamba ndi Chachiwiri World Nkhondo Kasupe wa malungo taonera kale.

Mitundu ya mazana awiri alipo wa parasitic mogwirizana mtundu Plazmodium malungo amayambitsa osachepera khumi. Pakati pawo P. ovalecurtisi, P. wallikeri, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. knowlesi. Ovuta kwambiri ndi zoopsa mawu a imfa malungo chifukwa cha tizilombo P. knowlesi ndi P. falciparumand. Infection wopita ku chitukuko cha matenda imafalikira yekha ndi udzudzu Anopheles mtundu. Infection malungo kukhala kosavuta pamene yogwira kuyenda padziko lonse, makamaka m'madera akumidzi kuderako wa dzikoli, komanso mogwirizana kwa munthu ndi nyama zakuthengo.

mfundo

Malungo - matenda chifukwa cha parasitic mogwirizana Plasmodium kuti kupatsira avareji ya anthu 200 miliyoni chaka padziko lonse. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, chifukwa ichi, pali imfa 500,000. Tiziromboti malungo ndi ingested Anopheles kulumidwa ndi udzudzu. Chimachitika n'chiyani? Malungo tiziromboti akudutsa zovuta moyo adzizungulira mu thupi udzudzu, ndiyeno - mu thupi la munthu amene akudwalayo. The mkombero akubwereza pamene udzudzu uyo munthu amene kale kachilombo, ndipo pali mu tiziromboti magazi ake amene amayambitsa matenda "malungo". Photos of tizilomboto ali anapereka m'munsimu.

Zigawo ndi mlingo wapamwamba imfa matenda ali Africa, Asia, Central ndi South America. Malungo - matenda amene amachititsa ochuluka zedi anthu odzacheza m'madera amenewa. Mu sub-Saharan Africa ambiri a milandu (86%) - ana osaposa zaka 5. 40% ya anthu padziko lonse ali pangozi ya kuchepa gulu. Nthawi makulitsidwe ndi milungu wina ndi atatu. Anthu ena akhoza kukhala onyamula otchedwa majeremusi matalala. Pankhaniyi, kutsegula kwa matenda angayambe patapita miyezi ingapo kapena ngakhale pambuyo plasmodium ndi malungo zaka kulowa m'thupi.

umboni

Malungo - matenda amene zizindikiro monga kuzizira, kutentha thupi, mutu ndi ululu minofu. Odwala ena ndi nseru, kusanza, chifuwa ndi kutsekula m'mimba. Momwe malungo zimachitika masiku mmodzi, awiri kapena atatu - izi ndi mawonetseredwe kwambiri mmene malungo. Inagwedezeka kumverera ozizira ndi m'malo mwa otchedwa siteji otentha kuti amakhala ndi malungo, omangana, mutu, ndi kusanza.

Zovuta pafupipafupi ndi zizindikiro za matenda mitundu monga malungo otentha. Chifukwa chiwonongeko maselo a magazi ndi maselo chiwindi angakhale khungu ndi matenda a chikasu ndiyo azungu cha maso, komanso kutsekula m'mimba ndi chifuwa. Nthawi zina zambiri, totupa limapezeka pa thupi mu mawonekedwe a kuyabwa, papules utoto. Pa malo anatsimikiza ndi malungo. Photo zapamwambazo zikusonyeza chonyamulira cha matenda.

mitundu kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, ngati malungo tizilomboto Plasmodium falciparum, ndi limodzi mwa mavuto monga:

• magazi;
• kwa chiwindi ndi kulephera aimpso;
• mantha ndi chikomokere;
• kuwonongeka kwa chapakati mantha dongosolo.

Popanda mankhwala yake, zizindikiro zambiri ndi imfa.

Kodi kufalitsa?

Motero, tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane momwe tiziromboti malungo alowa m'thupi ndipo akufotokozera izo. Kayendedwe ka moyo wa malungo tiziromboti Plasmodium ndi zovuta, ndi chamoyo lili ndi eni awiri - mwamuna ndi wa anopheles udzudzu. Monga tanena matenda imafalikira ndi kuluma kwa tizilombo ndi m'mene tiziromboti ndi akudyetsedwa mwachindunji mu m'magazi.

Sporozoites (mwana Plasmodium) Pakuyenda m'magazi ndi kulowa chiwindi anthu. Pali akamakula ndi kuwononga maselo magazi wofiira - maselo ofiira, mkati limene kukhala bola ngati wodwala safuna kuluma kumbuyo zamoyo zina malungo - udzudzu. Kamodzi mu thupi la tizilombo ndi, kudutsa plasmodium mu zopangitsa ake malovu, ndi nthawi yotsatira inu kuluma mu sporozoite kachiwiri kuyamba mkombero moyo wawo mu magazi anthu.

njira Development mitundu monga P. ovale ndi P. vivax, kungakhale kwambiri zovuta monga mapangidwe mitundu anafooka - hypnozoites, nthawi zambiri kukhala anafooka kwa milungu ingapo ndipo ngakhale zaka. Mu thupi, malungo udzudzu Plasmodium kukumana kugonana pa mkombero moyo wawo, ndipo mu thupi tizilomboto mu gawo asexual umatchedwanso schizogony. Choncho, chitukuko mkombero wa Plasmodium maselo ofiira amatchedwa erythrocyte schizogony.

Monga matenda uti? magwero ake ndi akazi Anopheles udzudzu ndi anthu matenda (odwala onse ndi atolankhani). Dziwani kuti malungo - matenda kuti si opatsirana anthu kapena zoweta kapena m'malovu airborne. Kuipitsidwa angayambe kokha pamene magazi wodwalayo alowa mthupi la munthu wathanzi.

diagnostics Features

Pamene zizindikiro pamwamba, makamaka pamene oyendayenda, Ndi bwino ayesedwe pamaso pa tiziromboti ndi malungo. Kuwonekera kwa matenda ambiri amakhala ngati zizindikiro za malungo. Mwachitsanzo, chikasu malungo, tayifodi, fuluwenza, kolera, chikuku ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Choncho, dokotala ayenera kudziwa mbiri ya maulendo munthu wodwala, n'kuika mayesero kutero.

Matenda a malungo mu malo oyamba kumaphatikizapo kuchita Agiriki ndi ambiri kambirimbiri mayeso - ndi kuphunzira kuipitsa mbiri ya magazi pa galasi Wopanda, amene amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu chizindikiro zikusonyeza kukhalapo kwa majeremusi mkati maselo ofiira. Ngakhale kuti mayesero amenewa ndi osavuta, kulondola kwa zotsatira kumadalira luso luso la katswiri amene amakonzekera komanso amayang'ana mankhwala magazi pansi maso a.

Other mayesero zingatithandize mu matenda a matenda:

• immunoassays;
• polymerase unyolo anachita.

chithandizo

Features chithandizo kumatengera zifukwa zingapo:

• Plasmodium view, anatengedwa mu thupi;
• zinthu matenda a wodwalayo Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala adzakhala osiyana wamkulu, mwana ndi mayi ake, kuwala ndi mitundu zolemera za matenda;
• mankhwala tilinazo tizilomboto lapansi.

Chinthu yamasika zimadalira dera linalake limene matenda wakhala analandira. chakuti mbali zosiyanasiyana za dziko ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya majeremusi malungo ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi mankhwala ena. Ndalama ku malungo angagwiritsidwe chikufanana molondola dokotala amene amadziŵa bwino mfundo za ndondomeko ya mankhwala a malungo padziko lonse. Anthu kachilombo maganizo a tizilomboto P. falciparum, tingafe popanda chithandizo msanga, miyeso achire ayenera kumwedwa nthawi yomweyo.

mitundu wofatsa malungo asonyezedwa mankhwala m'kamwa. Zizindikiro zovuta monga kuchepa magazi kwambiri, mkhutu kutsitsimuka, chikomokere, edema m'mapapo mwanga, kulephera aimpso, pachimake matenda kupuma mavuto, mwiniwakeyo intravascular coagulation, magazi lachibadwa, acidosis, pamaso pa hemoglobin mu mkodzo, matenda a chikasu ndiyo ndi khunyu zowombetsa mkota, amafuna makonzedwe mtsempha wa mankhwala.

Kodi kuchotsa malungo ndi thandizo la mankhwala? Chithandizo cha mankhwala matenda si nthawi zonse bwino. Amatanthauza "Aral" ndi polimbana ndi majeremusi onse kupatula kugonjetsedwa ndi zinthu zake yogwira ta tiziromboti, mwachitsanzo, Plasmodium ovale. Zosintha awa mankhwala angagwiritsidwe ntchito pofuna kuthana ndi kugonjetsedwa mitundu ndi chloroquine malungo:

• Kwinini sulphate limodzi ndi mankhwala "Doxycycline" kapena "Tetracycline".
• Mankhwala "Clindamycin" kapena "Maralon".

Mankhwala a malungo nthawi zambiri zochokera stereotyped anamutengera ku chigawo chomwe mufuna. Mwachitsanzo, nthumwi P. falciparum, anagula mu Middle East, amakhudzidwa ndi chloroquine, koma ngati matenda a mitundu yomweyo malungo zinachitika mu Africa, mankhwala sangathe kubweretsa zotsatira zabwino mu mankhwala.

asayansi amakono apanga kamwedwe zochokera kuphatikiza mankhwala ndi ena ofanana ya mankhwala yogwira antimalarial - artemisinin. Zitsanzo za mankhwala ophatikizana:

• "Artesunate-Amodiaquine."
• "Artesunate-Mefloquine."
• "Digidroartemizin-Piperahin".

Development wa njira yatsopano ya malungo ikuchitika mosalekeza, amene amagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa tizilombo ta mankhwala wa Plasmodium. Mmodzi wa mankhwala zingamuthandize polenga mankhwala polimbana ndi malungo spiroindolon chotsimikizira kuti polimbana P. mitundu falciparum wa tizilomboto zingapo za zatsopano.

Mankhwala "Primaquine" angagwiritsidwe ntchito pofuna kuchiza mitundu ya malungo, amene tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi yaitali akhala mu boma anafooka mu chiwindi. Izi chingaletse zisadzachitikenso matenda aakulu. Amayi oyembekezera sayenera kumwa "Primaquine." Izi mankhwala contraindicated ndi anthu amene amadwala akusowa shuga-6-mankwala dehydrogenase. Pachifukwa ichi chida si anatumizidwa bola ngati matenda mosamala mayeso sakulamulira kunja kuli vutoli. M'mayiko ena, kuwonjezera pa mitundu m'kamwa ndi jekeseni wa mankhwala ntchito ndi suppositories.

Disease pa kubala ana a

Malungo - loopsa kwambiri mayi oyembekezerayo ndi mwana wosabadwayo. Infection kwambiri kumaonjezera ngozi ya kubadwa masiku asanakwane komanso kupititsa padera. Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti mu sub kufa malungo lililonse Africa chaka cha Sahara ndi 30% ya ana. Choncho, akazi apakati amene amakhala m'madera oopsa kapena mukukonzekera ulendo kumeneko, muyenera ndithudi dokotala ndi kutenga mankhwala zotchulidwa monga "sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine." M'pofunika malungo prophylaxis chindiletsa matenda.

Chithandizo cha matenda amayi oyembekezera, zochokera chiwembu muyezo zafotokozedwa pamwambapa. Komabe, mankhwala monga "Primaquine", "Tetracycline", "Doxycycline" ndi "halofantrine" ali osavomerezeka chifukwa ngozi ndi kuthekera kwa mwana wosabadwayo.

The matenda ana

kupewa malungo ndi mokakamizidwa kwa ana onse, kuphatikizapo ana, amene amakhala kapena nthawi zina m'madera a kufala kwa matendawa. Zipangizo zili m'munsizi akhoza kuchita monga njira "Chloroquine" ndi "Mefloquine."

Nkofunika ntchito mlingo oyenera mwana wanu, potsata msinkhu wake ndi kulemera. makolo onse anapita kwa mwana m'mayiko a gulu chiopsezo, ayenera kufunsa katswiri wa matenda Dokotala opatsirana pa mankhwala ndi kuteteza matenda, pansi pa kuganizira. Popeza ambiri osokoneza mankhwala antimalarial akhoza chakupha, mankhwala onse ziyenera kusungidwa mwa ana sangawapeze Mwachitsanzo, mu muli mwamphamvu chatsekedwa.

Kupewa matenda

Ngati munthu akufuna kupita m'madera mmene mumapezeka malungo wamba, pamwamba pa zonse, ali kuti tipeze njira ndi zimene Mlingo ayenera kumwedwa kwa matenda. Ndi bwino kuyamba kumwa mankhwala masabata awiri pamaso pa ulendo akufuna, pamene akukhala mu dziko kwa mwezi umodzi atabwerera ku ulendo. Panopa, palibe katemera analenga malungo, koma kafukufuku wotereyu, katemera likupitirirabe chitukuko.

Ngati n'kotheka, kupeŵa mayiko kucheza ndi ziwawa za matenda prophylaxis mwinamwake malungo chofunika - izo zikanakhoza kusunga thanzi lanu ndi kupulumutsa miyoyo. Ngati - apaulendo, nthawi zonse yesetsani kudziwa malo kumene akhala kubuka matenda pa nthawi ino. Malungo zamoyo zina akhoza kutera pa khungu anthu nthawi iliyonse tsiku, koma kulumidwa ndi kwambiri nkhani usiku. Tizilombo komanso ndi achangu m'bandakucha ndi madzulo. Pewani kukhala panja pa maola. Kupewa matenda ndi zofunika kwambiri, chifukwa chakuti katemera ndi malungo sichinayambe analenga.

Kuvala zovala zoyenera - kuvala kabudula, malaya ndi manja nthawi yaitali, mkulu nsapato chatsekedwa m'malo nsapato poyera ndi zipewa. Imafunika kuthiridwa mafuta zovala mathalauza. Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala othamangitsa insecticidal Mwachitsanzo, tikhoza amalangiza njira "Permethrin" kuti amangomvera avale ndi zida. Kumbukirani kuti wothandizila abwino ali peresenti makumi asanu diethyl toluamide. maukonde udzudzu n'kofunika kwambiri chipinda si mpweya wokwanira, mwachitsanzo, palibe mpweya. Amazisamalira mankhwala othamangitsa aerosol. Izo analimbikitsanso ntchito coils udzudzu.

katemera

Panopa, palibe katemera alipo ndi malungo. Komabe, m'zaka zingapo zapitazi, ofufuza yapindula wabwino ndi katemera experimental. Recent lalikulu matenda ziyeso zokhudza ana ochokera m'mayiko eyiti African, umakonzedwa ndi Gates Foundation, asonyeza kuti mankhwala kuphunzira mogwira theka la milandu. Ambiri zatsopano ena komanso kukhala bwino ndi kulosera chitetezo matenda wonenedwa posachedwapa. Akatswiri amanena kuti katemera ndi malungo adzakhala zaka 3-10. kanthu oyembekezeka zachokera kum'dula pakamwa wa tiziromboti mkombero moyo pogwiritsa ntchito yokonza mapuloteni umene umabala akupha izo.

mitundu matenda

Pamwamba dzina lake mitundu chachikulu cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda matenda. Zingasiyane ndi matenda. Kodi mitundu ikuluikulu malungo:

• otentha;
• A masiku atatu;
• zinayi tsiku;
• malungo ovale.

The zinayi tsiku malungo kuwawonetsera zisanu khumi chosatha kuukira malungo, zomwe kawirikawiri imayamba m'mawa kapena masana. zovuta kwambiri n'zochepa, nthawi makulitsidwe kungakhale kwa miyezi 5. majeremusi otentha malungo imene'yi, ikukamba mu magazi, anasonyeza malungo zingaoneke, nthawi zambiri zizindikiro pano monga kutsekula m'mimba, kusanza, chapakati mantha dongosolo zotupa, aimpso kulephera. Nthawi zambiri mavuto kukhala. Vivax kuwawonetsera kutchulidwa malungo ongokhala kuzizira, thukuta ndi kuwuka kutentha, koma chachilengulengu alternating ndi nthawi ya chikhululukiro.

mankhwala wowerengeka

Mankhwala - ndi maziko a mankhwala a malungo. Koma malo ambiri amasonyeza ntchito zina zachilengedwe pa matenda a matenda oyamba ndi plasmodium. Apa ife kufalitsa okha ena a iwo, pamene Mulimonsemo maphikidwe izi ndi malangizo sangathe amatengedwa kuti njira yoyamba ya mankhwala.

Laimu ndi mandimu ndi othandiza Malungo zinayi tsiku. Pafupifupi magalamu atatu choko ndi kusungunuka 60 ml ya madzi ndi madzi a mandimu mmodzi kapena laimu. zikuchokera Izi ndi zofunika kuti kumwa pamaso pa isanayambike malungo.

Alum amadziwikanso ankaona ngati thandizo pa matenda a malungo. Iwo yokazinga pa Frying poto yotentha ndi nthaka ufa. Mkati kudzachitika supuni zikutanthauza maola anayi isanafike malungo ndi theka supuni maola awiri pambuyo pake.