Dokotala wodziwa za vutoli - ndani izi? ndi ntchito ya mphunzitsi-defectologist chiyani? Chifukwa makalasi mwana ndi defectology?

Ana - maluwa a moyo! Iwo amagwirizana ndi ana awo kum'dalira maloto uliwonse kholo. Ndipo chinthu choyamba ayenera kuonetsetsa makolo a mwanayo - kukula koyenera ndi chitukuko, kotero kudziwika ndi zolakwika zing'onozing'ono ayenera yomweyo kupempha thandizo kwa akatswiri.

ndi dokotala wodziwa za vutoli ndi ndani?

Pali ntchito kuti Chili mankhwala ndi pedagogy. Iwo defectology. mu defectology katswiri ayenera kukhala mnzake wapamtima ndi mlangizi ana wapadera ndi makolo awo.

Dokotala wodziwa za vutoli - mphunzitsi amene imakhazikika mu m'kalasi ndi ana amene kwanthawi kumbuyo mu chitukuko kapena kuvutika maganizo.

Kodi ndi makhalidwe ati ndi dokotala wodziwa za vutoli

Dokotala wodziwa za vutoli - makamaka munthu amene analandira maphunziro oyenera. Aphunzitsi azitha matenda a kuvutika alipo ana ndi kupeza njira azilipira iwo, komanso kuti achite yeniyeni maphunziro umalimbana pa kukulitsa vuto la mwanayo. Age chitsekerezo pakati mwana ndi katswiri ayenera kwina. Yotsirizira ayenera kukhala okhoza kulowa mu chidaliro cha achinyamata ndi kukhala bwenzi mwana.

Pakati pa makhalidwe abwino, zimene ziyenera kukhala mphunzitsi-dokotala, ndi izi:

• A mkulu mlingo wa nzeru. Kodi kufunikira pamene tikuphunzira ntchito pathologists. Aphunzitsi ayenera kukhala bwino ndi bwino kuika izo, chiyenera kukhala kukumbukira kwambiri, kudziwa m'mene kumanga ndi kutsogolera magulu.

• Mwachilengedwe luso. Yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale chofunika kudziwa njira kuti ndi oyenera pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana.
• Penyetsetsani ndi chisamaliro. makhalidwe ziwirizi kuthandiza kukumana ndi mwana kudziwa limatchula za khalidwe wake ndi kuupereka tsatanetsatane.
• Asamangochita zimene akufuna. The katswiri ayenera kupeza chinenero ana ndi kukhala sociable nawo, nthawi zonse amakhala ndi kulankhula ndi mwana ndi chikwiyire mu kukambirana amgwirizano.
• Maganizo kukhulupirika ndi chipiriro. Amphamvu mantha dongosolo - chinsinsi mphamvu ndi dzuwa la pathologists maphunziro ndi ana olumala kapena kuvutika maganizo. Muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti ntchito defectology - ntchito luso.
• Kuyankha. Dokotala wodziwa za vutoli - munthu amene ayenera kuthandiza anthu ovutika, siziyenera kukhala sanyalanyaza mavuto ena.
• Polankhula. The katswiri ayenera kuchita kusamala changu ndi ulemu polimbana ndi ana wapadera ndi makolo awo.

defectological zapaderazi

defectology sayansi zikuphatikizapo madera angapo izi:

• Chiphunzitso - kuphunzitsa ana, ndi zolakwika onse zolaula ndi zazing'ono thandizo kumva;
• moyo ntchito - maphunziro a achinyamata ndi chitukuko mkhutu maganizo
• misinkhu maphunziro - kuphunzitsa ana amene akusokoneza ntchito zida za zithunzi;
• lolankhula - ana kuphunzitsa, chitukuko chimene kuwerenga mu zosiyanasiyana zachilendo, koma pali lokhudza kulankhula, kuwululidwa mwa katchulidwe.

Occupation kulankhula pathologists: zolinga

Zolinga anapereka aphunzitsiwo madokotala:

1. Chifukwa wofuna kuphunzira kudzera chilimbikitso.
2. Zoperewerazo kupanda nzeru ambiri, kuti apange chitukuko cha zida malankhulidwe, kuphunzitsa kulemba, kuwerenga, mawerengeredwe, masewera.

Kuganizira cholinga cha ntchito ndi ana wapadera Katswiri amachita ntchito zotsatirazi:

• Kuchititsa ntchito kukonza zokhudza yofanana wogwila mu chitukuko wophunzira.
• Akuchita kafukufuku wa ana cholinga cha kudziwa kapangidwe ndi digiri ya zopindika awo mwachibadwa.
• Kumagwirizanitsa ophunzira chomwecho psychophysical boma gulu.
• Imachita makalasi (mu gulu kapena mmodzi), zomwe cholinga pa kukonza zolakwika mu chitukuko ndi kubwezeretsa zinthu zinchito. Makalasi ndi ana vuto zochokera ntchito njira zina ndi luso. Kusankha pulogalamu methodological zimadalira mfundo zolakwika wogwila ophunzira.

• Kugwizana zokambiranazo ndi kukambirana ndi makolo a ana amene ali konzanso wake.

Komanso, madokotala ndi ana ayenera mwadongosolo kusintha ziyeneretso awo akatswiri.

Ntchito ya aphunzitsiwo defectologist

1. Kuchita zambiri Kupenda mwana, pa maziko amene diagnoses luso kuphunzira. Ngati olumala kakulidwe amadziŵika, bungwe ntchito umalimbana maximizing achire komanso kubwezeretsa zolakwa mu chitukuko.
2. Kuchititsa makalasi, amene cholinga chake ndi chitukuko cha njira zofunika maganizo (maganizo, chidwi, kukumbukira, maganizo, ndi zina zotero. D.).
3. Mpatuko maluso a ana.
4. Mpatuko n'kufika ntchito kwa ana a ena zaka gulu. Choncho, kukwaniritsa chitukuko cha ana sukulu ku sukulu ya mkaka dokotala tikunena ntchito Masewero ana kusukulu - kuwerenga, kulemba ndi zina zotero ..

ntchito Pathologists: mfundo gulu

Matenda matenda kakulidwe ndi chilangizo awo ndi konzanso wa njira mabuku, ozikidwa pa mfundo za mgwirizano wa matenda ndi uphungu. Ntchito pa diagnostics ali mbali ya phunziro mwatsatanetsatane za mwana katswiri. Muzochitika mu kafukufuku ayenera kukhala wothandiza, wochezeka, popanda phokoso ndi wachitatu maphwando extraneous, ndi kukambirana - mu kamvekedwe bata.

Analysis wa kuyan'anila mu chitukuko ikuchitika ntchito njira etiopathogenetic. Mwana aliyense wapadera anakantha dongosolo chapakati mantha, chikhalidwe cha zotupa izi zosiyana, zomwe zingachititse kuti si yunifolomu chisokonezo chitukuko maganizo ndi thupi. Choncho, maphunziro ndi defectology ndi kusiyanitsidwa. Wophunzira aliyense payekha kapena sukulu analemba mndandanda wa zinthu zofunika pa ntchito ndende.

Mu kukafola dongosolo ntchito ayenera kuonedwa magulu zaka makamaka khalidwe munthu wa ana. Ntchito imene imakhudza katswiri mwana, zikhale bwino kwambiri. Ngati zofuna mwana kuthandiza nthawi yomweyo Akatswiri awiri kapena kuposa, pali mgwirizano interdisciplinary madokotala ndi aphunzitsi.

Pakuti aliyense phunziro mwamuna wamng'ono mphunzitsi-madokotala amapereka zazikulu polojekiti, zotsatira umene tingapeze kuganiza kuti mphamvu ya ntchito choipa pa njira zosiyanasiyana methodological.

Komanso, mwadongosolo anachita kusanthula correlative a boma anapanga a chidziwitso maphunziro, m'maganizo ndi m'thupi chitukuko cha nyenyeswa za.

Nthano za pathologists ndi

• Bodza 1. Pazifukwa zosadziwika, anthu ndi maganizo pa zimene dokotala okhazikika ntchito yekha ndi ana omwe ali ndi kuvutika kwambiri ntchito m'maganizo ndi m'thupi. Izi siziri zoona. Iye akhoza kuthandiza mwana aliyense ndi mavuto ndi ntchito maphunziro. Dokotala wodziwa za vutoli - mphunzitsi lonse-mbiri amene amadziwa kusankha njira yoyenera ya kuphunzitsa mwana makamaka.
• Nthano 2. Magawo ndi katswiri defectology zamuyaya. Ayi, ndendende kapena zambiri, si choncho. Ngati mphunzitsi ntchito ndi ophunzira amene ali ndi mavuto ndi ntchito maphunziro komanso alibe olumala m'maganizo ndi m'thupi khalidwe, monga maphunziro bwino chimakhala ndi tsiku chifukwa. Iye akubwera pamene mphunzitsi kuthandiza mwanayo lembani chidziwitso mipata.

Kulankhula ndi dokotala ndiponso dokotala wodziwa za vutoli: Kodi kusiyana chachikulu chimene

Kusiyana zazikulu ndiyambe kulankhula pathologists kulankhula motere:

1. Chandamale Omvera. Dokotala wodziwa za vutoli ntchito ndi ana wapadera amene ali kuvutika ena mu chitukuko maganizo ndi thupi, ndiponso mawu dokotala - ndi ana kwathunthu anayamba omwe sakukhutirabe ndi kulankhula ndi katchulidwe.
2. Cholinga cha maphunziro. Dokotala wodziwa za vutoli pa zolinga sukulu kapena sukulu ya mkaka kuthandiza nyenyeswa kuphunzira zakukhosi kwawo, limabwezeretsa mipata kudziwa, chikukhudza mulinso malangizo a chitukuko maganizo. Kulankhula madokotala komanso amangogwira ntchito pa chitukuko cha kulankhula ndi mawu uphungu.
3. Zoletsa mu gulu zaka ana. defectology katswiri akhoza kuchititsa makalasi ndi ana ochepa kwambiri (1 chaka), koma magawo ndikuphunzitsidwa kulankhula Sikuti kuthamangira ku chilango cha zaka zitatu zaka mwanayo. Kuwonjezera apo, munthu wamkulu akhoza kuzigwiritsa ntchito ndikuphunzitsidwa kulankhula.
4. Dokotala wodziwa za vutoli - lonse-mbiri katswiri, kuposa sangathe kudzitama wa ndikuphunzitsidwa kulankhula, munda wa ntchito zomwe n'chochepa kwambiri.

ntchito zokhudzana

Occupation kulankhula pathologists pafupi, pakati pake penipeni, ndi ntchito ya mphunzitsi, akatswiri a zamaganizo, dokotala, kulankhula dokotala, mphunzitsi mkaka.

Wotchuka asayansi pathologists

The maphunziro apadera ayenera ambiri ndithu ana a sukulu ndi zaka sukulu. Kafukufuku wosiyanasiyana pa nkhani imeneyi, zoyenera ntchito za asayansi chabwino cha la Russia. Mu thumba golide asayansi ndi pathologists ndi: V. M. Behterev (Russian katswiriyu, zamaganizo ndi zamaganizo, woyambitsa wa sukulu sayansi), AN Graborov (anayambitsa imalandira chikhalidwe dongosolo maphunziro), L. V. Zankov (zoweta zamaganizo, dokotala ndiponso mphunzitsi, wophunzira LS Vygoskogo), M. S. Pevzner (Russian wasayansi, maganizo, zamaganizo, dokotala ndiponso mphunzitsi), F. A. Rau, Zh. I. Shif, E. K. Gracheva (Russian loyamba mphunzitsi-dokotala), V. P. Kaschenko (mutu wa sukulu koyamba kwa chipatala chaching'ono ana wapadera a), IV Malyarevsky, L. S. Vygotsky (dokotala-kuyesera Torr, wofufuza defectology), MF Gnezdilov (oligophrenopedagogs zoweta, Methodisti), G. E. Suhareva (by zamoyo zinachita-kwachilengedwenso mfundo matenda a maganizo), G. M. Dulnev.

Chifukwa kanjedza pamwamba a sayansi maphunziro apadera Russia analandira osati kukondweretsa komanso popanga.