Maphunziro zakale: kodi kuwerenga ndi kulemba wauzimu?

Mbiri ya anthu - chuma chachikulu ndi kukumbukira, amene samaiwala patatha zaka zambiri. Chidwi mfundo za moyo wa makolo awo, ife amaona kuti mfundo sikukudziŵika ndi tanthauzo kwambiri. Anthu ambiri amayesera kupeza kodi kuwerenga ndi kulemba wauzimu, monga kumvetsa ndi kumvetsa. Akatswiri ena kupereka lingaliro tanthauzo zotsatirazi: kuwerenga wauzimu ndi kulemba - njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri mbiri akale Russian, ngati pangano, analankhula osati kwa anthu mwachindunji, komanso mtundu wonse, ndi ana.

akalonga Wills

Kale, kumvetsa zimene ali ang'onoang'ono kalonga, zinali zokwanira basi kuyang'ana kulemba wake wauzimu. Iye anapereka mudziwe zambiri pa mwini chuma, zimene zimayambitsa ndi njira ya kupeza ake. Zikomo kulemba mfundo ndi chifuniro modabwitsa tikhoza mme- mphamvu ya kusonkhana kapena onongani dziko kalonga ndi chuma. Mu Middle Ages kuti ndi kuwerenga ndi kulemba wauzimu, tinkadziwa pafupifupi chilichonse. Mipukutu yaitali ndipo anasunga mosamalitsa, chifukwa zikalata poyamba tcheru kwambiri. Mpaka lero wafika magulu akalola chachikulu akalonga a Moscow.

Moyo ndi ntchito ya Ivan Kalita

Chimodzi mwa chidwi wapatali imatengedwa kuti ndi hayala wauzimu Ivana Kality. Iwo analidi Grand Duke, amene anabadwa mu 1283 ndipo anadutsa njira zovuta kupita asanakhale wotchuka ndi kulemekezedwa munthu pa moyo wake. Kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro wake, kalonga wapanga zotsatira kwambiri. Iye ndinali kulemekezedwa chifukwa cha luso lake kupeza chinenero anthu, komanso khama ndi kudzipereka. Chifukwa cha Ivan kwambiri, chuma ndi moyo ndale za mgwirizano wa Moscow ukulu ndi Golden gulu analowa mogwirizana. Kalita anali ankhanza oukira ndi okhwima ndi anthu ake, atasemphana aliyense nthawi zonse kuletsedwa iwo mosavuta.

kulemba wauzimu Ivan Kalita

kalata wauzimu Kalita analemba nthawi yaitali, zovuta zakale nthawi kwa Russia. Kumayambiriro kwa chifuniro kumasonyeza kuti ukupeza wa Prince. Iye anatsimikizira kuti onse amene anali naye kuti maganizo ndi thupi cholakwika kumeneko. Pa moyo wake, Kalita wakhala anasonkhanitsa likulu zokwanira, amene anapatsa ana ake ndi mkazi wake, Mfumukazi Yuliana. Ivan chikalata zili ndalama zake zonse, zimene anatengera kwa atate wake, agogo, ndi amene ankalandira paokha. Mwa njira, panali anthu ambiri. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Grand Duke anali mwini wake wa mmizinda, mwa iwo ankachitira Ruza, Zvenigorod, Mozhaisk, Serpukhov, Kolomna. Ivan Kalita a ambiri m'midzi ndi townships.

Motero, funso kodi kuwerenga ndi kulemba wauzimu, n'zotheka kupereka losavuta yankho - lino pangano, wasenza mu nthawi ya ulamuliro. Kalita woyamba ananyalanyaza malamulo a gulu la cholowa. Iye anachipereka icho kwa ana aamuna ake onse mofanana, mosatengera kuti "mukwere makwerero", umene ndi chiwerengero yaikulu ya kupeza mwana aliyense woyamba kubadwa. Dziwani kuti Ivan Kalita sankasamala kenanso za aliyense koma banja lake. cholowa onse unagawidwa bwalo pafupi banja. Choona chidwi ndi kalonga Sichinatsitsidwe allocated "mkazi wamasiye gawo" kwa mkazi wake. Ndalama moyenerera za thupi lake, adapereka mwana wake wamkulu ndipo anamuuza kuti azisamalira mayi wake ndi mng'ono wake.

Testament Kalita lero

Mwatsoka, anthu angapo kudziwa kuwerenga wauzimu ndi kulemba, koma mochedwa kuliwerenga ndi kumva zochitika zaka zikwi zapitazo. Mwachitsanzo, pangano Ivana Kality tsopano likupezeka kwa aliyense. Pali awiri Mabaibulo a zilembo wauzimu wa Grand Duke, omwe kuliganizira.