Masikiti oponyera anthu ambiri. Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani zimatumizira masks?

Masikiti oterewa ndi opangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zamakono zomwe zafika ku dziko lamakono kuyambira zaka zakuya. Iwo ndi nkhungu yopangidwa kuchokera kwa munthu wakufayo. Kuti apange, zipangizo zamapulasitiki zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (makamaka pulasitiki). Zinali zinthu zomwe zathandiza anthu amasiku ano kukhala ndi chithunzi chowoneka bwino cha maonekedwe a anthu ambiri otchuka omwe anakhalako kale, kumvetsetsa bwino momwe moyo wawo unayambira.

Nchifukwa chiyani anthu amatha kusunga masks

Zifukwa zopanga zoterezi ndizosiyana. Masikiti oponyera nthawi zambiri amawoneka ngati maulendo achibale. Zinthu zoterezi zikhoza kusungidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri, kuyenda kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo. Chifukwa cha iwo, anawo amadziwa momwe makolo awo akutali amawonekera. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mwanjira iyi sikuti nkhope za anthu otchuka a mtundu wa anthu zikupitirizidwa.

Masikiti oterewa amathandiza kwambiri popanga zipilala. Sikuti nthawizonse ojambula amatha kubereka molondola nkhope ya womwalirayo, kudalira yekha zithunzi ndi zina zambiri pazithunzi. Kukhalapo kwa nkhungu kumathandiza kwambiri ntchito yotereyi, yomwe imakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino osati zokhazokha zokhazokha, koma komanso mtengo wa ntchito.

Potsirizira pake, zotengera zoterezi zingakhale zothandiza pa luso la akatswiri. Maski imatulutsa mawonekedwe a nkhope popanda kupotoza miyeso. Ndi chithandizo chake, mfundo zochepa kwambiri zimasonyezedwa.

Tiyeni titembenuzire mbiriyakale

Monga tanenera kale, masikiti othamanga sizinthu zopangidwa ndi anthu amasiku ano. Chinthu choyambirira kwambiri, chodziwika kwa anthu, chinalengedwa m'zaka za m'ma 1600 BC. Izi zikupangidwa kuchokera ku nkhope ya wakufa Farao Tutankhamun. Poyamba, mask sanali gawo lomalizira pamaliro a maliro, anthu akufa anaikidwa m'manda pamodzi nawo. Kenaka adayamba kuonedwa kuti ndi odziimira okha, osungidwa kwa ana.

Zomwe chumacho chinkapangidwira chinali chodziwika kwambiri ndi udindo umene wakufayo anali nawo panthawi ya moyo wake, udindo wachuma wa oloŵa nyumba. Iwo anapangidwa ngakhale kuchokera ku golidi, nkhuni, dongo ndi gypsum zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Mabaibulo oyambirira ankakongoletsedwa ndi kujambula, pamene adalengedwa, miyala yamtengo wapatali inagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ntchito yokonzekera

Pambuyo pozindikira chifukwa chake masks a postmortem apangidwa, munthu akhoza kutembenukira kwa sayansi ya chilengedwe chawo, chomwe chiri chosangalatsa kwambiri. Nkhope zimatha kulumikizidwa mwachindunji kumalo ozindikiritsa kuti thupi limatuluka, ndi kotheka kuzipanga mu morgue. Inde, izi zimachitika pamaso pa akatswiri a zamankhwala asanatsegule mtembowo.

Kodi masiskiti amatha bwanji? Njirayi ikuyamba ndi kukonzekera thupi. Tsitsi ndi tsitsi la womwalirayo zimayang'aniridwa mosamala ndi mafuta odzola, amatha kusandulika ndi mankhwala enaake odzola. Chikopa cha khungucho chiyenera kukhala chosasunthika, choncho kirimu chimapangidwa ndi thinnest wosanjikiza. Kumangiriza mutu ndi thaulo ndikofunika kuti mukhale ndi chigoba cha pulasitiki. Kawirikawiri gawo lochepa la khosi limatsekedwa, makutu ndi mutu zimabisika.

Zipangizo zamakono

Kupanga chigoba chotchedwa posthumous chimayamba ndi kulengedwa kwa mawonekedwe a gypsum. Zinthu izi zimagwedezeka mpaka zimakhala zofanana zogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa kirimu wowawasa. Ocher amachititsa kuti misa ikhale ndi mtundu wa thupi, ndipo nthawi zina mitundu ina imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chotsatira ndicho kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa pa nkhope yonse, yomwe brush kapena supuni imatengedwa. Ntchitoyi imayendetsedwa pamphumi. Choyamba chimakhala ndi masentimita 1, masentimita otsatirawa akuwonjezera chiwerengerochi mpaka masentimita 2-3. Pambuyo poti solidification, nkhungu imachotsedwa pamaso, kutenga m'munsi mwake. Mphepete mwachitsulo imakhala pamodzi ndi guluu. Kenaka, mawonekedwewa amachiritsidwa ndi mafuta odzola, amaikidwa mmwamba ndi mbali yopanda pake, ali ndi gypsum. Fomu yamakina imathandiza kukonza.

Kutsiriza siteji ndi kulekana kwa mawonekedwe kuchokera ku zabwino. Nthawi zina mumayenera kugwiritsa ntchito nyundo yamatabwa. Pano pali momwe mungapangire masikiti a posthumous. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti teknolojia iyi siinasinthe kwazaka zambiri.

Masks owopsa kwambiri

Chirichonse chokhudzana ndi imfa chimayambitsa mantha kapena kuchepa kwa anthu. Komabe, pali posthumous "zithunzi", zomwe zimabweretsa mantha makamaka. Chitsanzo cha mankhwala oterewa chingachoke ku nkhope ya mkazi wamdima, yemwe adamwalira ku France mu 1880. Msungwanayo adatsikira m'mbiri yawo pansi pa dzina lake Stranger kuchokera ku Seine.

Thupi la mwana wazaka 16, litamusiyidwa m'madzi, silinali ndi chiwawa. Nkhope yake inali yokongola kwambiri moti wodwalayo wodabwitsa sakanatha kukonza pulasitiki. Gypsy "chithunzi" cha womwalirayo akumwetulira chinafotokozedwa m'makope osatha. Ngakhale ndakatulo za ndakatulo zinaperekedwa kwa mtsikanayo, pakati pawo Vladimir Nabokov, yemwe anachita chidwi ndi chigoba cha imfa. Chithunzichi chikhoza kuoneka pamwambapa, mtsikanayo akuoneka kuti ali moyo.

Zina mwa zoopsa zomwe zimatuluka ndizo zomwe zimapangidwa kuchokera kwa nkhope ya Beethoven. Mlengi wanzeru anafa mu 1827 kuchokera ku matenda omwe anatha kupanga nkhope ya nkhope yake yoopsa.

Sakani miyendo

N'chifukwa chiyani masks amatsenga? N'zotheka kuti ugawane ndi zinsinsi za mbadwa zomwe zakhalabe zosasinthika kwa zaka zambiri. Ena mwa anthu omwe timakambirana nawo masiku ano amatha kufotokozedwa ndi munthu wina wotchedwa William Shakespeare. Iye anapezeka mu 1849 mu shopu yopanda kanthu.

Ochita kafukufuku sanafike povomerezana ngati izi ziridi "fanizo" lake komanso ngati mlembi wa ntchito zosakhoza kufa salipo. Chimodzi mwa malingaliro omwe aganiza ndikuti mafano onse a Shakespeare, omwe amalembedwa pamapepala, amapangidwa ndi masikiti otumizira. Monga chitsimikiziro, otsutsa chiphunzitsochi amasonyeza kuti palibenso moyo wa zithunzi zake.

Palinso masikiti ena a anthu abwino, ozunguliridwa ndi zinsinsi zochititsa chidwi. Chitsanzo ndi kuponyedwa kuchokera kwa nkhope ya Gogol, yemwe anapita kudziko lina mu 1852. Nthano imanena kuti kalasi yamakonoyi anaikidwa mu bokosi ali moyo ali m'tulo losafika, asanayambe mask. Otsatira a chiphunzitsochi amatanthawuzira kuzimitsa thupi, zomwe zotsatira zake mu 1931 zinatsimikizira kuti zowoneka bwino. Mwachidziwikire mafupa anali atayendetsedwa mbali yake, yokhotakhota. Anthu omwe samakhulupirira chiphunzitsochi amatsutsa kuti poyankhula zabodza wolemba mwiniwakeyo ali ndi mlandu, panthawi ya moyo wake akuuza anzao ndi achibale ake za mantha okuikidwa m'manda ali amoyo.

Zosindikiza za umboni

Masikiti amtundu wa anthu akulu angakhoze kuonedwa ngati mtundu wa zizindikiro zomwe zimapereka umunthu ku zochitika za imfa yawo. Zinali mwatsatanetsatane kuti panthawi ina anakhala nkhungu kuchokera pa nkhope ya Yesenin, yopangidwa tsiku lachiwiri pambuyo pa imfa yaumunthu. Phunziro la zolemba za ndakatulo, lopitirizidwa ndi chithandizo cha maski, linapereka zifukwa zoganiza kuti imfa yake inali yachiwawa. Izi zikutsutsana ndi chigamulo cha akatswiri a zamankhwala - kudzipha.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nthanoyi inalandira kutsutsidwa kwa boma, pamene m'zaka za m'ma 1990s mabungwe ofufuzira adabwereranso ku zochitika zodabwitsa. Pambuyo pofufuzira umboni ndi kuyesa, kudzipha kwa wolemba masalmo abwino kunatsimikiziridwa.

Ntchito za Sergei Merkurov

Wojambula wodziwika bwino adalenga zinthu zopitirira 300 kuti apange moyo wake, pakati pa ntchito zake pamakhala masikiti amodzi a anthu ambiri. Kutchuka kwake kwa Merkurov wake kuli ndi dongosolo lake lapamwamba kwambiri. Iye ndiye amene adapangitsa nkhope ya Lenin atamwalira. Ngati mumakhulupirira nthano, mwamunayo anaitanidwa ku Gorki pakati pausiku, kumene Nadezhda Krupskaya anali kale mtsogoleri wa mtsogoleri wakufa. Amakhulupirira kuti Lenin analamula Merkurov kuti asamuke, koma analibe nthawi yoti achite.

Sergei nayenso anakwanitsa kupanga zida zina zotumizira anthu otchuka a mtundu wa anthu, kuphatikizapo Leo Tolstoy wolemba. N'zosangalatsa kuti ndiye kuti wojambula adabwera ndi lingaliro la kupanga nkhungu. Malingana ndi anthu omwe adawona zotsatira za ntchitoyi, "chithunzi" chinkawoneka "chamoyo" mochititsa mantha. Mukamayang'ana, mumapeza kuti maso anu atsegula, ndipo milomo yanu idzatsegulidwa.

Ntchito Yopereka

Wolemba ndakatulo Mayakovsky, yemwe, pa nthawi yake yonse, adadziwika kuti ndi wotchuka wa revolution, adadzipha mu 1930, pogwiritsa ntchito pisitomu. Merkurov anali kale wojambula wotchuka, yemwe kutchuka kwake kunabweretsedwa makamaka ndi maski a imfa a amuna akulu. N'zosadabwitsa kuti anali ndakatulo yake yemwe adayankha kuti aponyedwe pankhope yake.

Nthano imanena kuti pempholi silinali lachilendo. Mayakovsky ankafuna maski ake kuti asafanane ndi chilengedwe chilichonse cha Merkurov. Mwanjira, wojambulayo anakwaniritsa chifuniro chake. Nkhope ya wolembayo idasokonezedwa, makamaka mphuno yopotoka. Ntchito imeneyi imatchulidwa nthawi zonse pakati pa ntchito zoipitsitsa za Sergei Merkurov.

Chinsinsi cha nkhope ya Pushkin

Zimadziwika kuti Alexander Pushkin adachoka padziko lino lapansi atatha kuzunzika kwa nthawi yaitali. Chilonda chimene chinapezeka pa duel chinapha ndakatulo kwa masiku awiri. Komabe, chigoba chake chotsatira sichisonyeza kuzunzidwa kwaulemu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi uzimu, amasonyeza mtendere weniweni. Akatswiri, omwe ankadziwa Pushkin panthawi ya moyo wake, amadabwa kuti chogulitsidwacho chimatulutsa mbali za nkhope yake.

Zinali zotheka kutsimikiza kuti ubongo woterewu unabadwa pamutu wa Vasily Zhukovsky, yemwe anali ndi ndakatuloyo mwaukwati wapamtima. Iye adawonekera pamene adawona kuti nkhope ya munthu wamkulu atamwalira. Chogulitsidwacho, chimene chinagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kupanga mabasi ndi ziboliboli za ndakatulo, chinapangidwa ndi Samuel Galberg.

Chifukwa chiyani chigoba chotsatira tsopano, pamene achibale ali ndi zithunzi zambiri za munthu wakufa, kujambula kanema ndi kutenga nawo gawo? Aliyense wa ife amadzipangira yekha ngati akusowa kapena kukumbukira bwino kuti wakufayo ali ndi moyo.