Matenda - ndi chiyani? Ntchito - dokotala wa ana kwa ana

Kusankhidwa kwa ntchito ndi sitepe yaikulu. Zimadalira momwe moyo udzakhalire. Pali ntchito zambiri zochepa. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi dokotala wa ana. Ntchito imeneyi ndi yokondweretsa ndipo ikufunidwa pamsika wogwira ntchito, koma isanalandire, ndiyenela kuganizira ngati ikugwirizana ndi zomwe zilipo ndi zofuna, kaya pali makhalidwe enieni omwe ali ofunika m'tsogolo.

Matenda monga gawo la mankhwala

Mu 1847, utsogoleri wa dziko la Pediatrica unafalitsidwa. Wolemba wake anali SF Khotovitsky dokotala. Katswiri uyu mu utsogoleri wake adatanthauzira malo a matenda pakati pa zachipatala. Anasonyeza ntchito zake ndi zolinga zake. Motero, SF Khotovitsky ndiye amene anayambitsa matenda a Russian. Kotero, kodi tanthauzo la mawuwa likutanthauza chiyani? Kodi chofunikira cha gawo lino la mankhwala ndi chiyani? Matendawa ndi sayansi ya matenda a thupi la mwana, mankhwala ndi chitetezo chawo. Ntchito yake yaikulu ndi kusunga thanzi la mwanayo kapena kubwerera ngati ali ndi matenda a boma.

Matenda a ana amagawidwa m'magulu angapo (malangizo):

• Kuchiza kwa ana. Mawu amenewa amatanthauza njira yothetsera matenda osiyanasiyana.
• Mankhwala achipatala. Mbali imeneyi ikuphatikizapo matenda, matenda ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ana odwala.
• Masayansi a sayansi. Malangizo awa, chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa paradigms. Iwo amatsogoleredwa ndi madokotala mu ntchito yawo yothandiza.
• Mankhwala achikhalidwe. Ntchito za ofesi ya sayansiyi ndi kuphunzira za thanzi la ana, kupititsa patsogolo kayendedwe kachipatala ndi chisamaliro kwa ana.
• Matenda a zachuma. Mbali iyi ya sayansi yophunzira zotsatira za zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe pa thanzi la ana.

Mbiri ya Matenda a Russian

Matenda a ku Russia adagawidwa mu chipatala chosiyana cha m'zaka za zana la XIX. Pa nthawi imeneyo, mabuku oyambirira omasulira mabuku ndi zolemba za olemba pakhomo (mwachitsanzo, "Zotsogoleredwa kuti adziwe ndikuchiritsidwa ndi matenda a ana" ndi N. Rozen von Rosenstein, "Mawu okhudza njira zofunikira kuti alimbikitse zaka zofooka zachinyamata kuti abereke ana awo" Danilevsky).

Ponena za chithandizo cha ana, tiyenera kudziwa kuti mpaka zaka za m'ma 1900, ntchito zonse zofunikira zikuchitidwa kunyumba. Odwala matenda opatsirana ndi opaleshoni amapereka malangizo ambiri. Mabedi oyambirira a ana, malinga ndi mbiri ya matenda a ana, adakhazikitsidwa kuchipatala chochiritsira cha Ivan Petrovich Frank, wotsegulidwa mu 1806. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake malowa adawonongedwa. Chipatala cha ana oyambirira chinatsegulidwa kokha mu 1834 ku St. Petersburg.

Pakalipano, Russia ili ndi mabungwe ambiri omwe amapereka chithandizo kwa odwala ang'onoang'ono ndi amayi awo:

• Ana (mzinda, chigawo, chigawo, republican, chigawo) ndi apadera (chipatala cha TB, matenda opatsirana, opatsirana pogonana);
• Polyclinics (mzinda, menyo) ndi malo osiyanasiyana (kuganizira, kukonzanso);
• Mipingo yotetezera ubwana ndi kubereka (nyumba ya mwana, malo opatsirana ndi amayi onse, khitchini ya mkaka, kuwonana kwa amayi).

Chofunika kwambiri ndicho Scientific Research Clinical Institute of Pediatrics chotchedwa Academician Yury Evgenievich Veltyschev. Iyi ndiyo malo akale kwambiri ofufuza kafukufuku wa ana ku Russia. Pali ntchito zosiyanasiyana kwa ana. Chithandizo chonse cha makanda pamaso pa kutumizidwa ndiulere. Amalipira ndalama kuchokera ku federal budget. Ndiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti Institute of Pediatrics imapereka thandizo lachipatala, komanso othandizira.

Ntchito ndi masewera akuluakulu a ana

Imodzi mwa ntchito za gawo lino la mankhwala ndi matenda ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Madokotala amatha kuzindikira zofooka kwa ana chifukwa cha zizindikiro, zotsatira za mayesero ndi mayeso. Atafufuza matendawa, akatswiri amapereka chithandizo chabwino. Pachifukwa ichi, madokotala amayesetsa kupeza mankhwala osokoneza bongo, chifukwa nthawi zambiri kumwa mankhwala ambiri nthawi zambiri sikungakwaniritsidwe.

Nkhani yeniyeni ya ana ali ndi ntchito imodzi - kubwezeretsedwa kwa ana. Pambuyo pa matenda osamutsidwa, thupi laling'ono liyenera kubwezeretsedwa. Pachifukwa ichi, ana atachira angafunikire:

• Kuwonetsa kusintha kwa tsiku (kumasulidwa ku masewera, katundu wowonjezera);
• Kulimbikitsa mankhwala (phytotherapy, kugwiritsa ntchito vitamini kukonzekera);
• Kuchokera ku katemera;
• Khalani mu sanatorium.

Ntchito za matenda a ana zimaphatikizapo kupewa matenda. Ikhoza kukhala yoyamba, yachiwiri ndi yapamwamba. Kuteteza kwakukulu kumateteza kupewa chitukuko cha matenda chifukwa cha katemera, aseptic measure. Kupewa kwachiwiri kumachokera ku kuzindikira kwa zizindikiro zoyambirira za matenda. Chifukwa cha kufikidwa kwa nthawi yake, mawonetseredwe oopsa angapewe. Kupewa masitepe ndi njira zothetsera matenda omwe angabweretse kulemala.

Malingana ndi ntchito zapamwambayi, mungathe kuzindikira mitu yaikulu yomwe ana akuphunzira mu mankhwala:

• Kukula kwa thupi ndi thanzi la ana;
• Zifukwa za matenda ndi kuvulala, zizindikiro zawo;
• Kuchiza ndi kupewa matenda;
• Thandizo loyamba pa zovulala zosiyanasiyana ndi ngozi, ndi zina zotero.

Ntchito "dokotala wa ana"

Dokotala ndi munthu amene akudwala matenda osiyanasiyana ndi kuvulala kwa anthu. Ntchito imeneyi ndi imodzi mwa akale kwambiri komanso olemekezeka kwambiri m'dera. Zimaphatikizapo zapadera zambiri. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi dokotala wa ana.

Ntchito yaikulu ya katswiri uyu ndi odwala ochepa. Katswiri wa ana sakhala ngati template. Amapeza njira yapadera kwa mwana aliyense, amaphunzira madandaulo kudzera mwa kukambirana, amagwiritsa ntchito njira zofunikira zogwiritsira ntchito, amafufuza zotsatira zomwe amapeza, ndipo amachititsa kuti munthu aliyense athe kuchipatala. Ntchito za dokotala wa ana sizimangogwira ntchito ndi ana odwala. Katswiri wodalirika akugwira ntchito yosungirako zolemba.

Ntchito "dokotala wa ana" pakufunika ku msika wogwira ntchito. Oyamba kumene amapeza mwamsanga ntchito yawo. Misonkho imadalira malo ogwira ntchito komanso mlingo wa ntchito. Ndi ochepa pa akatswiri a ntchito zapamwamba omwe amagwira ntchito m'mabungwe a zachipatala. Madokotala odziwa zamalonda amalonda amalandira malipiro abwino.

Ndani angakhale katswiri wa ana?

Anthu okha omwe ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba azachipatala angathe kuchitira ana. Mukhoza kutero ku yunivesite yapadera (academy, institute). Maphunzirowa ndi ovuta, chifukwa mankhwala amakono ndi malo ovuta kudziwa. Kuphunzira ku koleji ya zamankhwala kumatenga zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi mu nthawi yonse. Simungaphunzire ku sukulu.

Anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi ntchitoyi "dokotala wa ana" ndipo amene akufuna kugwirizanitsa moyo wawo wamtsogolo ndi mankhwala sayenera kukhala ndi diploma ya maphunziro apamwamba a zachipatala, komanso makhalidwe aumwini monga:

• Chifundo;
• Chifundo;
• Kusamalira;
• Udindo;
• Kulankhulana.

Kupeza ntchito ya dokotala wa ana

Ku Russia kuli masukulu ambiri ochipatala. Imodzi mwa mabungwe abwino kwambiri a maphunziro ndi SPBSPU. Kulongosola kwa kuchepetsa izi ndi yunivesite ya zamankhwala ya St. Petersburg State. Yunivesite iyi yakhala ikugwira ntchito kuyambira 1925. Anthu omwe akufuna kukhala madokotala m'tsogolo akhoza kulowa mu sukulu ya ana. Kufufuza za iye ndi zabwino. Ophunzira amatsutsa malingaliro abwino pankhani ya maphunziro, aphunzitsi. Mu SPBSPU palinso zina:

• Maphunziro apamwamba komanso maphunziro ena;
• Kusamalira maganizo;
• Mankhwala;
• "Machiritso".

Yoyamba Yoyunivesite ya Medical State ya Moscow yotchedwa Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov iyeneranso kuyang'anitsitsa anthu amene akufuna kuloŵa ntchito ya dokotala. Ndilo bungwe lalikulu kwambiri komanso lakale kwambiri lophunzitsira maphunziro a dzikoli m'munda wa zamankhwala, loyamba mu 1755. Mapangidwe ake akuphatikizapo magulu khumi. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi ana. Pali magulu asanu ndi atatu omwe ali pazinthu izi:

• Matenda ndi Matenda a Rheumatology;
• Kupanga mankhwala osokoneza bongo;
• Kupaleshoni kwa ana;
• Ukhondo wa ana ndi achinyamata;
• Matenda ndi matenda opatsirana ana ;
• Matenda a shuga ndi mapuloteni;
• Chiwonetsero;
• Matenda opatsirana a matenda a ubwana.

Chitsanzo china ndi University of Altai State Medical University. Yunivesite inakhazikitsidwa mu 1954. Makhalidwe ake, magulu otsatirawa ndi osiyana: a zachipatala, a mano, a mankhwala, a medico-prophylactic, opititsa patsogolo madokotala, maphunziro apamwamba a unamwino. Katswiri wa ana ndi ntchito, yomwe ingapezenso pano. Udindo wa ana wakhalapo kuyambira 1966. Pa nthawi yonse ya ntchito yake, akatswiri ambiri odziwa bwino adatulutsidwa.

Kuloledwa ku chipani cha ana

Kuti alembetse ku koleji ya zamankhwala kwa katswiri wa ana, ophunzira amapititsa kugwiritsira ntchito mu chemistry, biology ndi Chirasha. Mfundo zovomerezedwa zimaganiziridwa ndi bungwe la maphunziro. Pomwe kulibe ntchito ZOPHUNZITSIRA, olemba ntchito amapita kukayezetsa pakhomo pa yunivesite. Maonekedwe awo angakhale osiyana: olemba kapena olembedwa (mwa mayesero, mayankho a mafunso, etc.). Nkhani zokhudzana ndi mayeso ziyenera kufotokozedwa pasadakhale mu ofesi yovomerezeka ya bungwe losankhidwa.

Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro olowera ku chemistry, biology ndi Chirasha, ndikwanira kuti maphunziro a sukulu azikwanira bwino. Ngati mukufuna, mukhoza kulemba kuti mukonzekere. Iwo amaperekedwa ndi yunivesite iliyonse, yunivesite, yunivesite. Pazochitika zomwe mungakumbukire zomwe mwaphunzira kale, funsani mafunso ofunika.

Katswiri wa ana ndi ntchito yoti mukhoza kupita ku yunivesite kulipira kapena kwaulere. Kuti muike malo a bajeti, m'pofunika kupititsa mpikisano wosankha. Pali chinthu ngati "ndondomeko yopita". Ichi ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha mfundo, zomwe ndi zokwanira kupita ku bajeti. Komiti ya Admissions nthawizonse imatchula ziwerengero za chaka chatha ngati zikubwera, chifukwa ndondomeko yeniyeniyo imadziwika pokhapokha atadutsa mayesero am'deramo ndikupanga chiwerengero cha olowa.

Kuphunzira ku yunivesite ku chipatala cha ana

Maphunziro a akatswiri amayamba ndi kuphunzira zofunikira za sayansi, zachipatala, zothandizira komanso zachipatala. Ophunzira amadziwa bwino mmene thupi la munthu limakhalira, njira zomwe zimayambitsa matenda komanso maumunthu. Kenaka maphunzirowa amayamba pazipatala zapadera. Aphunzitsi a ana amtsogolo m'kalasi amaphunzira za matenda, matenda, komanso kupewa matenda a ubwana, mafunso a mitu komanso mayankho a ana.

Kuphunzira mu koleji ya zachipatala kumaphatikizapo kupeza zodziwa zokha komanso zothandiza. Mchitidwe woyamba wa ophunzira umatchedwa kuphunzira. Zimaphatikizapo chisamaliro cha ana odwala komanso akuluakulu. Zotsatira zotsatirazi zimatchedwa kupanga. Pakupita kwawo, ophunzira amapanga ntchito za ogwira ntchito zachipatala:

• Wothandizira odwala akuluakulu (pa 1 maphunziro);
• Wothandizira anamwino a ward (pa 2);
• Mthandizi wa namwino wothandizira (pa njira yachitatu);
• Wothandizira kuchipatala cha chipatala (pa maphunziro 4);
• Wothandizira dokotala wa polyclinic ya ana (pa maphunziro asanu).

Ntchito za dokotala wa ana

Anthu omwe amapita ku sukulu ya zachipatala ayenera kudziwa kufunika kwa matenda a ana, komanso ntchito zomwe adzakumane nazo m'tsogolomu. Katswiri wa anawo samangoyang'ana mwanayo, amamupeza komanso amamupatsa mankhwala. Dokotala amalimbikitsanso maphunziro a makolo:

• Zolinga amayi amafunika kwambiri kuyamwitsa;
• Kutsimikizira ubwino wa kusinthanitsa kwaulere;
• Akufotokozera makolo kufunikira kwa katemera woteteza;
• Amatsutsa "kusambira kozizira" kwa ana aang'ono ndi zina zotero.

Katswiri sayenera kuopseza makolo ndi matenda. Ndili ndi matenda aakulu, nthawi zonse muyenera kukhala ndi chiyembekezo cha amayi ndi abambo ponena za matendawa. Pokhala ndi matenda osachiritsika, munthu sangathe kulonjeza kuti adzachira. Simukuyenera kufotokoza choonadi chonse nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa simudziwa momwe anthu amachitira ndi matenda oopsa. Ponena za matenda omwe alipo alipo anganene kwa mmodzi wa makolowo.

Pa kukhudzana ndi mwana wodwala dokotala ayenera kusonyeza chifundo, chifundo. Mwanayo adzamva chidwi, chisamaliro ndi kudalira katswiri. Kukhudza thupi n'kofunika. Kuopa mwana kumachepa chifukwa chokhudza, kugwedeza. Ngati mwanayo akudandaula za ululu, ndiye kuti mum'funse kuti asonyeze malo omwe akumva kuwawa. Ndiye muyenera kutsimikiza zapamwambazi ndi kumverera madera opweteka komanso opanda zopweteka. Panthawi yofufuzidwa, musayambe kumuchitira manyazi manyazi wodwala wamng'onoyo, mum'seke.

Odziwika bwino a ana

Anthu ambiri amadziwa Evgeny Olegovich Komarovsky. Uyu ndi dokotala wa ana, dokotala wa gulu lapamwamba kwambiri. Iye analemba mabuku angapo ndi nkhani zomwe anazipereka ku matenda a ana, thanzi la ana. Komarovsky nayenso TV woonetsa. Mu 2010, pa imodzi ya ma TV a ku Ukraine, pulogalamu ya "School of Doctor Komarovsky" inayambika. Mmenemo, adokotala amatha kuuza owona za matenda osiyanasiyana aumunthu, komanso njira zowachitira. Mankhwala amamveka bwino. Kwa ana, mungathe kuphatikizapo kusamutsidwa.

Chothandizira chachikulu pa chitukuko cha matenda a ana chinapangidwa ndi Leonid Mikhailovich Roshal. Uyu ndi dokotala wa ana a Soviet ndi Russian, dokotala wa opaleshoni, dokotala wa sayansi ya zamankhwala. Katswiriyu analemba zolemba zambirimbiri. Roshal adadziwikabe chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwake. Anapulumutsa ana omwe adakumana ndi zivomezi, nkhondo ndi masoka.

Katswiri wina wamankhwala wotchuka kwambiri ndi Alexander Aleksandrovich Baranov. Iye analemba za ntchito za sayansi 500 (monographs, mabuku ndi mabuku). Pakali pano, Alexander Baranov amagwira ntchito ku University State Medical University yomwe imatchedwa IM Sechenov. Iye ndiye mtsogoleri wa dipatimenti ya zachipatala ndi matenda a ana odwala matenda a mwanayo.

Pomaliza, ziyenera kuzindikila kuti ana amagawo ndi ntchito yofunikira kwambiri ya mankhwala. Ngati pali chikhumbo chokhala dokotala wa ana, ndiye kuti mukhoza kupita ku koleji ya zamankhwala. Ndizosangalatsa kuphunzira kwa dokotala, koma ndi zovuta. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti katswiri wa ana sayenera kukhala ndi chidziwitso chofunikira komanso chidziwitso chothandizira, komanso makhalidwe ake. Ayenera kukondwera polankhulana ndi ana komanso pochira.