Favela ya ku Brazil - njira yapadera ya moyo kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri

"Favela" - mawu okongola awa akukumbutsa dzina la nyumba zapamwamba, zomveka bwino, komabe sizitanthauza munthu wamba. Aliyense amene sakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhani zamayiko akunja amadziwa kuti America ndi maiko awiri. Pali olemera USA ndi Canada, ndipo palinso china, Latin America, komwe anthu osauka amatha kukhala ndi malamulo awo, pomwe umphaŵi umakhala wochuluka kwambiri, ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi ogulitsa zida amadzaza "masewera" awa. Favela ndi malo osayeruzika (kuchokera kwa akuluakulu a boma) ndi madera apadera, omwe adzakambidwe m'nkhaniyi.

Nyumba ya khadi

Poyamba, zojambulazo zinali nyumba zomangidwa ndi osauka, popita kunja kwa mizinda. Nyumba zinamangidwa popanda kanthu, palibe mapulani a nyumba, mapulani, osalola zilolezo, zinalibe. Kuwunikira mwamsanga, komwe kunali kuyankhidwa kwa mafakitale a chuma cha Latin America chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi, sichinapangitse malo okongola ndi osangalatsa omwe ali ndi nyumba zofanana ndi m'misewu yayikuru, koma m'nyumba zonyansa, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba pake.

Zotchuka kwambiri ndi ma favelas a ku Brazilian, ambiri komanso okongola kwambiri, sakhala akuimira nyumba za munthu aliyense, koma akhala dzina la zigawo zonse, chiŵerengero cha okhalamo mwa ena mwa iwo chikuposa mazana a zikwi za anthu.

Njira yomanga ndi yophweka ndipo imaganiza kuti wamisiri amapanga ndodo zazitsulo kuzungulira nyumba ya mtsogolo (kapena pansi, chifukwa tsopano favela imakula osati m'kati mwake, koma pamtunda). Gawo pakati pa zothandizira izi ndi mamita 2-3, ndipo dera lamkati limayikidwa ndi njerwa yopanda kanthu. Zolinga zoterozo ndi zosavuta komanso zosakhulupirika, komanso kuti nyumba zikukula zikuwonjezereka kwambiri. Nyumba zina zimakhala zowonjezera 4-5 pansi, ndipo pamwamba pake pangakhale pang'ono kupitirira kuposa kale, motero, nyumba zikuwonekera ngati mapiramidi osasinthika.

Mwini mwini wapamwamba akugulitsa denga lake kwa mwiniwakeyo, ndipo amapanga nyumba yake podziwa yekha ndi mwayi. Favelas - nyumba izi sizikhala zoletsedwa, kukambirana za mauthenga aliwonse mu nyumba zoterezi zinakhala zotheka kokha zaka zaposachedwa, anayamba kupanga magetsi ndikupanga madzi osamba.

Opempha opempha

Otsogola oyamba a malowa anali magulu angapo a anthu: anthu okhala kumidzi, omwe amakakamizika kusamukira kumidzi kufunafuna tsogolo labwino, iwo omwe anali pansi chifukwa cholephera kupeza, ndi akapolo omwe athawa.

Pambuyo pa favela ya Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Recife ndi mizinda ina ya ku Brazil akhala malo a zikwi, mamiliyoni a anthu okhala m'dzikoli. Poganizira ziŵerengero, pakali pano pali moyo wachisanu ku Brazil. Zigawo za boma zimadalira kwambiri anthu a favelas. Chinthuchi ndikuti kubereka ndi kufa kwa anthu m'maderawa sizongopeka: nyumba zoletsedwa, zomwe anthu ambiri mwamtendere komanso osayandikira, amabisa zobisika zawo.

Chifukwa cha chilungamo, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti favelas ena sakhala malo omwe anthu amakhala nawo, koma maboma ang'onoang'ono oyenerera kuti akhale ndi moyo, momwe maulamuliro anatha kuthetsa chisokonezo ndi kusamvera malamulo kwathunthu.

Kusokonezeka kovomerezeka

Favelas amakhala m'madera akuluakulu, omwe sitingathe kunyalanyaza. Pali zifukwa zambiri za izi. Choyamba, ambiri a zigawenga za m'dzikoli amakhala kumeneko. Nthaŵi zambiri izi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi achifwamba, pali chowonadi pa izi. Komabe, kwenikweni, palibe oyendetsa ambirimbiri kumeneko, mayunitsi omwe amadyetsedwa ndi mabopods ang'onoang'ono athazikika pa odyetsa.

Chachiwiri, favelas ya ku Brazil sadziwa mphamvu za dziko. Anthu okhalamo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azikhala okha. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti pakati pa malamulo osayankhulidwa m'madera amenewa pali chimodzi chomwe chimaletsa kuyankhulana ndi oimira apolisi.

Ku Brazil, pali njira yapadera yodziwira nzika, kutsimikizira kuti ali a sukulu yokhazikika komanso yokhulupirika. Pachifukwachi, sizowonjezera malemba (pasipoti, galimoto yoyendetsa galimoto), koma komanso alandira kulipira ngongole. Iwo ndi chitsimikiziro chakuti munthu amamangidwira kumalo ena okhalamo, amapereka ndalama kwa bajeti. Apo ayi, zimakhala zovuta kwa wokhala m'dzikolo kuti athandizidwe ndi boma, ngakhale adesi ya pulayimale kuchipatala ikhoza kukhala vuto.

Politics of pacification

Zowopsya ku malo olemera a likulu la dzikoli ndi alendo, a favelas a Rio de Janeiro akukhala pang'onopang'ono kukhala mwamtendere. Mumzinda muli pafupifupi chikwi (malinga ndi magulu osiyanasiyana, kuyambira 750 mpaka 1200). Mmodzi mwa iwo akhoza kukhala nambala yosiyana ya anthu, zazikulu ndizo zomwe anthu awo amaposa anthu zikwi zisanu. Pofuna kukonza dongosolo kumeneko, akuluakulu a boma adaganiza zoyenera kuchita pulogalamu yothandiza kuti anthu azikhala olimbikitsana komanso kuti awonongeke m'madera ena.

Zaletsedwa kukhala ndi zida mdziko muno. Malingana ndi lamulo, iwo akhoza kukhala a apolisi ndi ankhondo okha, komabe malonda a zida akukula, kufika ku Rio si mfuti chabe, komanso "ma unit" aakulu. Pa nthawi yosauka ndi magulu apadera pakati pa oimira akuluakulu a boma ndi anthu ammudzi momwemo muli nkhondo zowonongeka, ndipo mbali ziwiri zotsutsanazi zimavutika kwambiri.

Komabe, chifukwa cha njira yovuta yolimbana ndi umbanda, mabwinja ku Brazil akusiya kukhala malo osasamvetseka, kumene kuli kovuta kuyenda mu mdima. Kuwonjezera pa machitidwe opanga chilango, olamulira, momwe angathere, akonze moyo wamba wa anthu a favelas. Apa, kuchuluka kwa magetsi kunayendetsedwa, madzi a madzi amtundu adasinthidwa ndi njira zamakono zamadzimadzi komanso zovuta.

Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti mankhwala, maphunziro ndi zoyendetsa magalimoto zakhala zikufikirika kwambiri kwa anthu. Sizingatheke kupereka chithunzithunzi ndi zinthu zonse zomwe anthu akukhalamo: zomangamanga ndi malo a misewu sizimangopatsa mwayi umenewu, koma mapulogalamu a boma salipangidwe chaka chimodzi, ndipo ntchito zowonjezereka zikupitirirabe.

Kotero zikhale choncho

Ngakhale kuti akuluakulu amayesa kuthetsa chikhalidwe cha anthu osauka m'madera ena, moyo wa favelas ukadali pansi pa olamulira a mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo amamvera malamulo awo. Kunena kuti izi ndi zoipa, n'kosatheka: "mafumu" akukhazikitsa maziko awo, chifukwa ophwanya malamulo amatsutsa kwambiri. Kuipa kwa njirayi yodzilamulira boma ndikuti favela iliyonse - ili ngati mtundu wina wa dziko, dziko la dziko, ndi zomwe munthu sangathe kuchita kwa anthu a chigawo chimodzi, ndipo china chimapangidwa mwachangu ndi chilango.

Mu chikhalidwe chake, simungabwere, kupha, kugwiririra komanso kutenga kachilomboka. Chilango cha zolakwira ndi nkhanza kwambiri: mukhoza kutaya miyendo, kuwotchedwa amoyo kapena kuthamangitsidwa. Mabwana samadandaula ngakhale ana ndi achinyamata. Ulamuliro wolamulirawu ukugwirizanitsa anthu, chifukwa mwachiwonekere amapereka chitsimikizo china cha mtendere.

Kodi pali tsogolo?

Chimene chidzayembekezere anthu okhala mu zisumbu za Brazil m'tsogolomu sakudziwika. Chizoloŵezi chopeza favelas ndi chitukuko chiri choonekeratu, koma njira iyi ndi yocheperapo. Ziphuphu, maboma, chisokonezo ndi chisokonezo salola akuluakulu kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mwamsanga mapulani awo. Kuonjezerapo, Brazil, mofanana ndi Latin America, silingathe kulowa muyeso yatsopano ya chuma. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, pali funso lina lodziwika bwino: kodi anthu okhala mumsasa okhawo akufuna kutuluka mumthunzi wa kusayeruzika ndikukhala ndi malamulo ndi chikhalidwe chonse?