Mawotchi mafunde gwero lake, katundu wa njira

Taganizirani zimene yoweyula makina, akhoza kuponya mwala m'madzi. Anzanu akuwuka momwemo ndipo alternating ufa ndi crests - ndi chitsanzo cha mafunde makina. chikhalidwe chawo n'chiyani? Mawotchi mafunde - ndondomeko oscillation kafalitsidwe pa TV zotanuka.

mafunde Capillary

Chotero mafunde makina kulibe chifukwa zotsatira pa tinthu mphamvu ya mogwirizana ndi intermolecular wa madzi ndi yokoka. Anthu akhala akuphunzira chodabwitsa lapansi. Ambiri chidwi ndi nyanja ndi nyanja ndi mafunde. Ndi kukula imathamanga mphepo, kusintha, ndipo msinkhu wawo kumawonjezera. Izo komanso ndi kobvuta ndi mawonekedwe a mafunde okha. M'nyanja, iwo akhoza kufika mantha. Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo odziwika ndi mphamvu ya madzi osefukira kuti chikusesa zonse mu njira yake.

Mphamvu ya nyanja ndi mafunde nyanja

Akufika pa mafunde pagombe nyanja ndi kusintha lakuthwa mu ukuwonjezeka kuya. Iwo nthawizina kufika msinkhu wa mamita angapo. Pa nthawi ngati zimenezi, mphamvu kayendedwe ya misa yaikulu kwambiri madzi anatumiza zopinga onshore kuti imawalamulira mofulumira anawonongedwa. Mphamvu ya mafunde zina ukufika mfundo odzitukumula.

mafunde zotanuka

Mu phunziro zimango osati kusinthasintha okha padziko madzi, komanso otchedwa mafunde zotanuka. chisokonezo ichi, chimene amafalitsidwa mawailesi osiyanasiyana pansi zochita za mphamvu zotanuka mu iwo. Chotero perturbation ndi kupatuka aliyense wa particles sing'anga ku malo mgwirizano. Chitsanzo chabwino mafunde zotanuka ndi chingwe yaitali kapena mphira chubu Ufumuyo kumalekezero kwa chirichonse. Ngati ndi taut, kenako gulu lakuthwa mbali ya kulenga yachiwiri (sanali yomata) kuthetsa mkwiyo wake, ife tikhoza kuchiona icho onse pa "kupyola" kutalika kwa chingwe thandizo ndipo muwona kumbuyo.

Gwero la mafunde mawotchi

chisokonezo chachikulu zinagwira chilengedwe yoweyula. Ndi chifukwa cha zochita za thupi yachilendo, amene sayansi amatchedwa gwero la mafunde. Iwo akhoza kukhala ndi manja a munthu, swaying chingwe kapena mwala woponyedwa m'madzi. Ngati kumene gwero ali kanthu kwa nthawi yochepa, mu sing'anga nthawi zambiri yoweyula umodzi. Pamene "wosokoneza" kupanga yaitali oscillatory zoyenda, mafunde mumayamba kumva akutiakuti.

Terms mafunde mawotchi

Kusinthasintha kwa mtundu umenewu si nthawi zonse anapanga. A chofunika maonekedwe awo Maonekedwe pa nthawi ya perturbation sing'anga impeding iye mphamvu, elasticity makamaka. Iwo akufuna kubweretsa pamodzi loyandikana particles pamene Amawapatula, ndipo zimawasiyanitsa Chrixitu pa nthawi ya mgwirizano. zotanuka mphamvu kuchita particles alibe kuchokera ku gwero chosokoneza, anayamba kukokera iwo mwa muyezo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zidutswa zonse TV zimakhudzidwa ndi zoyenda oscillatory. Wofalitsa Phokoso amenewa ndi mafunde.

mafunde makina mu sing'anga zotanuka

Mu yoweyula zotanuka, pali mitundu iwiri ya zoyenda pa nthawi yomweyo: ndi oscillations wa particles ndi kufalitsa perturbation lapansi. Likutchedwa kotenga makina yoweyula, amene tinthu kunjenjemera pamodzi malangizo a kafalitsidwe ake. Otchedwa yopingasa yoweyula particles sing'anga omwe zosiyanasiyana kudutsa malangizo ake kafalitsidwe.

The katundu mafunde mawotchi

Perturbations mu yoweyula kotenga ndi rarefaction ndi psinjika, ndi yopingasa - mosinthana (displacements) zigawo zina wachibale sing'anga kwa ena. kupsyinjika Compressive limodzi ndi magulu zotanuka. Pamenepo kupsyinjika kukameta ubweya kugwirizana ndi maonekedwe a magulu zotanuka okha basi zolimba. The gaseous ndi madzi TV kosangalatsa wosanjikiza TV izi si limodzi ndi zosayembekezereka wa anati mphamvu. Chifukwa katundu wake, mafunde kotenga akhoza kufalitsa pa TV uliwonse, ndi mtanda - yekha olimba.

Katundu mafunde madzi

Mafunde padziko madzi si kotenga kapena yopingasa. Iwo ali ovuta kwambiri, otchedwa kotenga ndi yopingasa khalidwe. Mu nkhani iyi, particles madzimadzi kusuntha circumferentially kapena elongated ellipse. The zozungulira zoyenda wa particles pa pamwamba madzi, makamaka pamene Phokoso lalikulu ali limodzi ndi zoyenda awo pang'onopang'ono koma mosalekeza pamodzi malangizo a yoweyula kafalitsidwe. Ndi izi katundu mafunde makina mu madzi amachititsa kuoneka pa magombe a nsomba zosiyanasiyana.

Pafupipafupi makina mafunde

Ngati sing'anga zotanuka (madzi, olimba, gaseous) kuyambitsa oscillation ake particles, chifukwa zimachitika pakati pa iwo, izo kufalitsa ndi mathamangidwe u. Choncho, ngati mu gaseous kapena madzi sing'anga adzakhala thupi zokhala zikuyamba kuyenda opatsirana kwa tinthu zonse pafupi. Iwo adzakhala nawo ndondomeko za zotsatirazi ndi zina zotero. Pa nthawi imeneyi zonse sing'anga adzakhala oscillate pafupipafupi ofanana wofanana pafupipafupi thupi zokhala. Ndi pafupipafupi aziweyulira. M'mawu ena, mtengo uwu tinganene kuti ndi oscillation pafupipafupi mfundo akukhala funde la propagates.

Mwakucimbidza sizingakhale bwino momwe ndondomeko izi zimachitika. Ndi mafunde makina kugwirizana oscillatory zoyenda kutengerapo mphamvu ku gwero lake ku periphery a sing'anga. Pa uka otchedwa nthawi mapindikidwe yoweyula anatengedwa kuchokera ku nsonga kwa wina ndi mzake. Pochita zimenezi, particles a sing'anga Usaigwedezere pamodzi ndi funde la. Iwo amakhala pafupi ndi mgwirizano udindo wake. N'chifukwa chake kufalitsa mafunde mawotchi si limodzi ndi kulanda chuma ku malo osiyanasiyana. Mu mafunde makina a mafurikwense osiyana. Choncho, iwo anawagawa m'magulu ndipo analenga lonse wapadera. pafupipafupi amayezedwa hedzi (Hz).

chilinganizo zoyambirira

Mawotchi yoweyula mawerengedwe chilinganizo chimene chiri wosavuta, ndi chidwi chinthu kuphunzira. Yoweyula mathamangidwe (υ) - ndi liwiro avundulidwe kutsogolo kwake (kwa locus mfundo zonse zimene oscillation wafika chilengedwe pa nthawiyo):

υ = √G / ρ,

kumene ρ - osalimba a sing'anga, G - modulus.

Pamene kuwerengetsa liwiro la sayenera kusokonezedwa mafunde makina mu sing'anga ndi liwiro la kayendedwe ka particles sing'anga zimene zimachitika pochita yoweyula. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, phokoso limayendera propagates kudzera mpweya pa kusinthasintha pafupifupi liwiro la tinthu ake pa 10 m / s pamene lamayimbidwe yoweyula mathamangidwe zinthu zachilendo, ndi 330 m / s.

Wavefront angakhale osiyanasiyana, losavuta amene ali:

• ozungulira - chifukwa cha kusinthasintha mu gaseous kapena madzi sing'anga. Yoweyula matalikidwe amachepetsa ndi kuwonjezeka mtunda kuchokera ku gwero ndi inversely njila kwa lalikulu la kutali.

Lathyathyathya • - akuimira ndege amene ali perpendicular kwa yoweyula kafalitsidwe malangizo. Zimachitika Mwachitsanzo, mu chatsekedwa pisitoni yamphamvu pamene oscillates masika. Yoweyula ndege amakhala ndi matalikidwe pafupifupi nthawi zonse. kuchepa ake pang'ono ndi mtunda kuchokera ku gwero chosokoneza amagwirizana ndi mlingo wa kukhuthala kwa sing'anga madzi kapena gaseous.

timaganiza

Pansi timaganiza kuzindikira mtunda umene kutsogolo kwake ndi anasamukira ku nthawi imene chofanana ndi nthawi ya oscillation ndi tinthu sing'anga:

λ = υT = υ / g = 2πυ / ω,

kumene T - oscillation nthawi, υ - yoweyula mathamangidwe, ω - ozungulira pafupipafupi, ν - pafupipafupi oscillations wa madontho sing'anga.

Popeza kafalitsidwe mathamangidwe wa yoweyula makina amadalira pa katundu a sing'anga, m'litali λ pa kusintha kwa sing'anga wina ndi mzake lisinthike. Mu nkhani iyi, oscillation pafupipafupi ν nthawi akanali yemweyo. Mawotchi ndi mu atomu mafunde ofanana mu yogawa awo ikuchitika pa kulanda mphamvu, koma palibe kulanda kanthu.