Mbiri ya Biology kakulidwe. Kukula kwa zamoyo zamakono

Kuyambira masiku oyambirira a moyo, mwana amayesetsa kumvetsa zimene zikuchitika. Akulu iye afika, chidwi kwambiri ndi kusangalala kumakhaladi chenicheni. dziko likusintha pamodzi ndi izo. Ndipo onse a anthu alibe kuima chitukuko. Zinthu zonse atsopano analandidwa. chakuti dzulo kunali kosatheka, lero amakhala nkhani wamba. Amathandiza kwambiri kuti sayansi ndi luso patsogolo ano ndi kupanga sayansi ndi zamoyo. Iwo amafufuza mbali zonse za moyo, ikufotokoza magawo chiyambi ndi zamoyo wa zamoyo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mbali yapadera ya sayansi anali allocated yekha mu XIX atumwi, ngakhale nzeru za anthu dziko wakhala wambirimbiri mu chitukuko. History of kakulidwe zamoyo ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi kusangalatsa anthu. Anthu ambiri amadzifunsa kuti: N'chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kuphunzira sayansi? Zingaoneke, ngakhale nawo asayansi. Kodi chilango chimene anthu wamba? Koma popanda chidziwitso yaikulu ya Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa anthu ndi thunthu sizingatheke Mwachitsanzo, achire ngakhale chimfine. sayansi akhoza kupereka mayankho ku mafunso ovuta kwambiri. Chinthu chachikulu kuti akhoza kukuunikirani zamoyo - kusinthika kwa zamoyo padziko lapansi.

Science Kale

Modern zamoyo inayambira kalekale. Iwo inextricably zogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha chitukuko mu masiku amakedzana m'dera Mediterranean. Zimene poyamba m'munda zimenezi ndi ziphiphiritso yabwino kwambiri monga Hippocrates, Aristotle, Theophrastus ndi ena. Chopereka asayansi chitukuko cha zamoyo ndi yofunika kwambiri. Tiyeni mwatsatanetsatane pa aliyense wa iwo. The wakale Greek dokotala Hippocrates (460 -... linalake 370 BC) anapereka kulongosola koyamba mwatsatanetsatane za Kapangidwe ka thupi ndi nyama anthu. Iye ananena kuti mmene zinthu zachilengedwe ndi chibadwa angachite chitukuko cha matenda ena. akatswiri a masiku ano anamucha anayambitsa mankhwala Hippocratic. Apadera Greek woganiza ndi nzeru zapamwamba Aristotle (.. 384-322 BC) anagawa dziko maufumu anayi mu dziko la anthu ndi nyama, dziko la zomera, zopanda moyo padziko (lapansi), dziko la madzi ndi mpweya. Iye anachita zinthu zambiri zokhudza nyama, motero amayambira pa taxonomy. dzanja lake lili ndi anayi kwachilengedwenso lonena, amene ali ndi mfundo zonse zodziwika nthawi nyama. Pankhaniyi, wasayansi anapereka chabe kufotokoza kunja kwa oimira ufumu, komanso kuganizira za chiyambi awo ndi kafalitsidwe. Iye loyamba kubadwa amakhala Nsombayi ndi kukhalapo kwa dongosolo wapadera masticatory mu urchins nyanja, wotchedwa lero "Aristotelian nyali." akatswiri a masiku ano kuti anayamikira zomwe wa woganiza wakale ndi kukhulupirira kuti Aristotle ndi woyambitsa wa zinyama. The wakale Greece dzina Theophrastus (370-ca. 280 BC. E.) Anaphunzitsidwa dziko la zomera. Iye anafotokoza nthumwi zoposa 500 ufumu. Iye ndiye anayambitsa mawu ambiri botanical monga "zipatso", "pericarp", "pachimake" ndi zina zotero. Theophrastus, asayansi ankaona anayambitsa zomera ano.

Komanso ofunika ponena ntchito mu chitukuko cha zamoyo akatswiri Roma monga Guy Pliniy Starshy Ndipo Klavdiy Galen (131 zaka - 200) (zaka 22-79.). Zachilengedwe Pliniy Starshy analemba buku lotchedwa "Natural History," womwe uli onse odziwika mfundo imeneyo zamoyo. Mpaka Ages Middle, ntchito yake imakhala 37 mabuku, ndi kokha mabuku adziwe za chilengedwe. Otchuka dokotala, dokotala ndi katswiri wa nthawi yake, Klavdiy Galen, anapanga zopereka kwambiri kuti mfundo ndi chitukuko cha sayansi monga thunthu, mankhwala, Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, ubongo ena. Maphunziro ake, iye anagwiritsa ntchito yaikulu nyama autopsy. Choyamba anafotokoza ndi anayerekezera thunthu la anthu ndi anyani. cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kuphunzira dongosolo chapakati ndi zotumphukira mantha. Pa kuzindikira ntchito kwa anzake chifukwa chakuti ntchito yake pa thunthu la zochokera autopsy nkhumba ndi anyani ntchito mpaka 1543, mpaka anaonekera ntchito Andreas Vesalius 'Pa Kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu. " Ophunzira a mabungwe zachipatala kuphunzira ntchito za Galen m'zaka za m'ma XIX. chiphunzitso uli mwa wamanjenje dongosolo la umalamulira ubongo kayendedwe, akadali othandizanso. Kumvetsa bwino mmene zikamera ndi kafukufuku wa sayansi izi mu mbiri, tiyenera kuthandiza tebulo "Development ya zamoyo." Nawa oyambitsa waukulu.

mankhwala akale

Chopereka asayansi chitukuko cha sayansi nthawi imeneyi ndi yaikulu. Kudziŵa kanjedza wakale Greek ndi Aroma mu ntchito yake madokotala ambiri Ages Middle. mankhwala pamene ambiri otukuka. A mbali yaikulu ya m'dziko la Ufumu wa Roma pa nthawi imene anagonjetsedwa ndi Aluya. Choncho, ntchito ya Aristotle ndi zina zambiri akatswiri wakale mwafika kuno mu yomasulira Arabic. chi zinali zodzaza ndi izi mwa mawu a kakulidwe zamoyo? Izi zinali otchedwa golide zaka Islam. Dziwani ntchito asayansi monga Al-Jahiz, amene ndiye kwa nthawi yoyamba anafotokoza maganizo ake za unyolo chakudya ndi kusanduka. Iye ndiye tate wa Determinism Hrs - nzeru za chikoka cha mmene chilengedwe pa mapangidwe khalidwe wadziko ndi mzimu. Wolemba Chikudishi Ahmad Ibn Daudi al-Dinavari wachita kwambiri pa chitukuko cha Arabic zomera. Iye anapanga malongosoledwe a mitundu yoposa 637 osiyana zomera. Chidwi kwambiri kwa dziko la zomera ndi kachitidwe mankhwala ndi zitsamba mankhwala. pamwamba Wamkulu anafikira mu mankhwala dokotala ku Persia - Muhammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi. Iye ndiye experimentally anatsutsa chiphunzitso akulamulira wa Galen ndi "timadziti zinayi zofunika kwambiri." Apadera Persian dokotala Avicenna walenga limodzi mwa mabuku chidali pa mankhwala pansi pa dzina "Canon of Medicine", buku kwa asayansi European mpaka m'zaka XVII. Tiyenera kuvomereza kuti nthawi ya Middle pali asayansi angapo utakwaniritsa kutchuka. Iyo inali nthawi ya chitukuko zachipembedzo komanso nzeru. mankhwala Scientific anali ndiye ikuchepa. Zimenezi unkachitika mpaka chiyambi cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano. masiteji Komanso wa kakulidwe zamoyo adzakhala kutchulidwa nthawi ino.

Biology mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano

M'zaka za m'ma XVI, chidwi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi mbiri zachilengedwe itakula mu Europe. Anatomists ankachita kung'ambika Matupi ambiri a anthu akafa. Mu 1543 anafalitsa buku lotchedwa Vesalius 'Pa Kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu. " History of kakulidwe zamoyo ndi kupanga wozungulira latsopano. mankhwala a zitsamba anali wamba mankhwala. Izi sakanakhoza koma bwanji chidwi kukula zomera dziko. Fuchs ndi Otto Brunfels m'mabuku ake anaika maziko zomera zikuluzikulu anafotokoza. Ngakhale ojambula zithunzi za nthawi ankafunitsitsa kapangidwe ka nyama ndi anthu. Iwo anajambula chithunzi chawo, ntchito limodzi ndi naturalists lapansi. Leonardo da Vinci ndi Albrecht Dürer mu ndondomeko ya kulenga katswiri ake ankafuna kuti nkhani ya thunthu ya matupi wamoyo. The woyamba, mwa njira, nthawi zambiri kuonera ndege ya mbalame, anauza a zomera zambiri, ankauza zambiri pa Kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu. No zopereka zazing'ono kwa sayansi a m'nthawi imeneyo, ndiponso asayansi monga asayansi, Buku, madokotala. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi ntchito za Paracelsus. Choncho, zikuonekeratu kuti zamoyo chitukuko anali m'goli kwambiri mu nthawi chisanadze zokha.

XVII m'zaka

The kupeza zofunika kwambiri nthawi ino - izi ndi kutsegula lachiwiri la kufalitsa m'mapapo mwanga, lomwe linapereka zatsopano kukula kwa thunthu ndi maonekedwe a chiphunzitso cha tizilombo. Ndiye woyamba maphunziro microbiological zachitidwa. Kwa nthawi yoyamba anali kufotokoza chomera maselo, zomwe zikhoza kuganiziridwa yekha pansi simungathe kutiona. chipangizo ichi, mwa njira, kupangidwa ndi John Lippersgeem ndi Zahariem Yansenom mu 1590 ku Holland. chipangizo nthawizonse bwino. Ndipo posachedwa mmisiri Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek ankafuna microscopes, anali kuona ndi likuonetsera maselo ofiira, anthu umuna, komanso chiwerengero cha zamoyo ochepa moyo (mabakiteriya ciliates, ndi zina zotero). Development wa zamoyo monga sayansi pa nthawi ino amapita ku mlingo zonse zatsopano. Kwambiri chaonekera m'munda wa Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi thunthu. A dokotala ku England, Uilyam Garvey, limasonyeza nyama ndi kafukufuku ndi magazi, anapanga angapo atulukira zofunika: A mavavu venous, kutchinjiriza anatsimikizira ventricles lamanja ndi lamanzere za mtima. anathandiza kuti pakhale zamoyo ndi zovuta Musaone. Iye anatsegula kufalitsa m'mapapo mwanga. A wasayansi ku Italy, Francesco Redi, anasonyeza kuti n'zosatheka m'badwo mowiriza ntchentche ku zotsala za nyama yoola.

History of kakulidwe zamoyo m'zaka XVIII

Kenako, munthu chidziwitso sayansi zachilengedwe kukodzedwa. The zochitika zofunika kwambiri za m'ma XVIII anayamba kufalitsa ntchito Karla Linneya ( "System ya Nature") ndi Georges Buffon ( "Universal private mbiri chachibadwidwe"). Tinaphunzira zatsopano ambiri m'dera la chitukuko la zomera ndi nyama Embryology. Atulukira yopangidwa ndi akatswiri monga Caspar Fridrih Volf, amene pamaziko a kuzipenya chinasonyeza mwapang'onopang'ono Ndisanaumbidwe ndi cholimba rudiment, ndi Albrecht Von Haller. Ndi maina awa umanena magawo zofunika kwambiri chitukuko cha zamoyo ndi embryology m'zaka XVIII. Iwo Komabe, kuti azindikire kuti deta asayansi kulimbikitsa mosiyana kuphunzira sayansi: Wolf - malingaliro epigenetic (chitukuko cha chamoyo mu Mphukira), ndipo Haller - mfundo preformation (pamaso maselo nyongolosi ya nyumba wapadera zinthu zimene anakonzeratu chitukuko cha mwana wosabadwayo ndi).

Science m'zaka za m'ma XIX

M'pofunikanso ponena kuti chitukuko cha zamoyo sayansi linayamba m'zaka za m'ma XIX. mawu kale anali ntchito ndi asayansi patsogolo. Komabe, tanthauzo la izo zinali zosiyana kwathunthu. Mwachitsanzo, Karl Linney amatchedwa akatswiri anthu kupanga biographies wa botanists. Koma kenako mawu anatchedwa sayansi kuti amaphunzira zamoyo zonse. monga nkhani ya chitukuko cha chisanadze Darwin sayansi nthawi, ife kale anakhudza. Pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX anali zikamera wa sayansi paleontology. Kufufuza mu munda ogwirizana ndi dzina la wasayansi wamkulu - ". The Origin of Species" Charles Darwin, amene theka lachiwiri la atumwi, lofalitsidwa buku lotchedwa Kuti mudziwe zambiri za ntchito yake, koteronso tidzakhala kuthana m'mutu wotsatira. Zikamera chiphunzitso selo mapangidwe phylogenetics, kukula kwa thunthu tosaoneka ndi cytology, mapangidwe chiphunzitso cha pakutchulidwa matenda opatsirana ndi matenda tizilomboto yeniyeni, ndi zina zambiri - onse obwera ndi chitukuko cha sayansi m'zaka za m'ma XIX.

Ntchito ya Charles Darwin

Buku loyamba la wasayansi wamkulu - ndi "zachilengedwe Travel padziko lonse chombo." Komanso, chinthu kuphunzira Darwin anakhala barnacles. Izi zachititsa kuti zolemba ndi kufalitsa ntchito zinayi buku pa Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa nyama. Kuti ntchito yake maphunziro pano. Koma ntchito yaikulu ya Charles Darwin - buku "The Origin of Species," chomwe iye anayamba kulemba 1837. bukuli wodzilemekeza ndiponso tinalisindikizanso kangapo. Iwo zofunikila pa Mitundu ya ziweto ndi mitundu zomera, anapereka maganizo ake pa kusankha zamoyo. Chisinthiko kakulidwe sayansi chiphunzitso cha Darwin - ndi masiyanidwe a mitundu ndi mitundu mchikakamizo cha chibadwa ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe, komanso chiyambi awo achilengedwe ku mitundu kale. Wasayansi anazindikira kuti mbewu iliyonse kapena nyama chikhalidwe amamuchititsa kuchulukitsa exponentially. Komabe, chiwerengero cha anthu a mitundu sichitha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chikhalidwe cha zochita chilamulo cha kupulumuka. zamoyo amphamvu kupulumuka agule zizindikiro, lipindulitsa pa mtundu wonse wa, kenako muchuluke, ndi ofooka - aphedwa mapangidwe ankhanza. Zimenezi zimatchedwa achilengedwe (achilengedwe) kusankha. Mwachitsanzo, m'nyanja zikuluzikulu wamkazi umabala kwa mazira miliyoni asanu. Izo umapulumuka 2 okha% ya chiwerengero. Koma mmene chilengedwe angasinthe. Ndiye n'chothandiza osiyanasiyana kwambiri zizindikiro. Motero, malangizo a kusintha masoka kusankha. zizindikiro kunja anthu akhoza kusintha. Pali maonekedwe atsopano, amene pokhalabe zinthu zabwino idatha. Kenako mu 1868, Charles Darwin lofalitsidwa ntchito yake yachiwiri ya malangizo zamoyo zinachita amatchedwa "Change za nyama ndi zomera pansi kuweta." Komabe, anapatsidwa ntchito chake mofala. M'pofunikanso osanenapo ntchito ina yofunika ya wasayansi wamkulu - buku lakuti 'The Zinafika wa munthu ndi kusankha kugonana ". Mu naunyema, napatsa kwambiri za mfundo mokomera munthu kusanduka kuchokera kwa makolo nyani ngati.

kodi XX atumwi?

Zambiri zimene lonse mu sayansi anali atachita chimodzimodzi m'zaka lomaliza. Panthawi imeneyi, chitukuko cha zamoyo anthu amapereka gawo lina. Izi ndi nyengo za chibadwa. Ndi 1920, iye anapanga chromosomal chiphunzitso cha chibadwa. Ndipo pambuyo Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, mofulumira chinayamba zamoyo. Kusintha zinthu za chitukuko cha zamoyo.

chibadwa

M'chaka cha 1900, kotero kulankhula, anapeza malamulo Mendel a akatswiri monga De Vries ndi ena. Pasanapite nthawi yaitali, kenako kutsegula cytology kuti zinthu majini a nyumba foni ali mu DNA lapansi. Mu 1910-1915, ntchito Gulu wasayansi Thomas Hunt Morgan, zochokera zatsopano ndi ntchentche zipatso (Drosophila) zachitika otchedwa "Mendelian khromozomu chiphunzitso cha chibadwa." Akatswiri ena anapeza kuti majini mu DNA ndi anakonza linearly mu "mikanda pa chingwe." De Vries - wasayansi woyamba amene anapanga kopanda za kusintha jini. Komanso, kunapatsidwa kwa mfundo kulowerera chibadwa. Ndipo mu 1980, ndi American Wasayansi Luis ALVAREZ akufuna kugwa kwa miyala yochokera kungoganizira kutha kwa zinyamazi lapansi.

Zikamera ndi kukula kwa sayansi

Ngakhale chapadera atulukira anali kuyembekezera asayansi posachedwapa. Pa chiyambi cha XX m'ma anayamba mavitamini kafukufuku yogwira. Pang'ono poyamba anatsegula njira ziphe ndi mankhwala, mapuloteni, ndi zidulo mafuta. Mu zaka 1920-1930 asayansi Carl ndi Gerty Cori, ndi Hans Krebs linafotokoza za zimam'patsa kusinthika. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha phunziro la kaphatikizidwe wa porphyrins ndi mankhwala. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma, Fritz Lippmann mwafufuza zotsatirazi: adenosine triphosphate anamuzindikira monga chotengera chilengedwe mphamvu amuzolengedwa muchipindachi, ndipo mphamvu zazikulu "siteshoni," iye ankatchedwa mitochondria. Zipangizo zatsopano zasayansi anakhala chipangizo zambiri, panali njira yatsopano wa kuphunzira, monga electrophoresis ndi koromatogarafe. Sayansi ndi imodzi mwa nthambi ya mankhwala, zimapezeka sayansi osiyana.

zamoyo

Onse olamuliridwa atsopano okhudzana anaonekera mu phunziro la sayansi. Asayansi ambiri ayesa kudziwa chikhalidwe cha mbewu ya. Mu akafufuza Mwaichi latsopano akuti "maselo zamoyo". Chinthu inali kuphunzira pa mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya. bacteriophage anasankhidwa - HIV kuti kusankha amakhudza maselo ena mabakiteriya. Zatsopano anali amachitika Drosophila, mkate nkhungu, chimanga ndi zina zotero. History of kakulidwe zamoyo ndi kutulukira zinthu zatsopano zidalengedwa ndi mawu oyamba ndi zida zatsopano kwathunthu kafukufuku. Choncho, posakhalitsa anatulukira elekitironi maso, ndi mkulu-liwiro centrifuge. mafoni amenewa asayansi amatha kutsegula monga chuma majini mu DNA muli DNA osati zomanga thupi monga mmene ankaganizira poyamba; DNA dongosolo anabwezeretsedwa mu mawonekedwe tikudziwa lero, helix awiri.

kukonza majini

Kukula kwa zamoyo ano si chilili. Majini zomangamanga - ichi ndi wina "byproduct" kuphunzira chilangochi. Iwo sayansi, tiyenera kusonyeza maonekedwe a mankhwala ena, monga insulin ndi threonine. Ngakhale kuti panopa pa siteji ya chitukuko ndi kuphunzira posachedwapa, ife kale athe "kukoma" ubwino. katemera latsopanoli ndi matenda oopsa kwambiri, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera nakulitsa sazunzika ku chilala, ozizira, matenda, tizirombo zochita. Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ntchito zomwe a sayansi, ife angaiwale za ntchito mankhwala zoipa ndi herbicides. Komabe, kukula kwa chilango chimene chimapangitsa anthu masiku ano wosanganiza ziyenera. Anthu ambiri amaganiza si popanda chifukwa kuti zotsatira kuphunzira kungakhale zikamera wa kugonjetsedwa ndi mankhwala ozunguza bongo atumiki a matenda oopsa anthu ndi nyama.

Zinthu zatsopano mu zamoyo ndi mankhwala

Science akupitiriza kusintha. Komabe ambiri zinsinsi kuyembekezera asayansi wathu m'tsogolo. Pa sukulu lero anaphunzira mwachidule mbiri ya chitukuko cha zamoyo. Phunziro loyambali pa nkhani tili mu sitandade 6. Tiyeni tione zimene ana athu kuphunzira posachedwapa. Nawu mndandanda wa atulukira amene anatha kukhala m'nthawi watsopano.

1. polojekiti "Human matupi athu". Ntchito pa izo zinachitikadi mu 1990. Pa nthawi iyi, US Congress ndi ndalama zambiri wakhala allocated kafukufuku. 2 dazeni majini akhala kuwerenga mu chaka cha 1999. Mu 2001 iye anapangidwa koyamba 'kusodza "a matupi a anthu. Mu 2006, ntchito inatha.
2. Nanomedicine - mankhwala ndi microdevices wapadera.
3. njira "kukula" ziwalo (chiwindi minofu, tsitsi, kuli nthambi mtima, ena a minofu ndi zina zotero).
4. Chilengedwe cha ziwalo yokumba anthu amene makhalidwe sadzakhala patukani ku zachilengedwe (minofu kupanga ndi zina zotero).

nthawi A pamene mwatsatanetsatane amaphunzira mbiri ya zamoyo - 10 kalasi. Pa nthawi imeneyi, ana asukulu kulandira chidziwitso mu sayansi, cytology, kubalana wa zamoyo. zambiri angakhale othandiza kwa ophunzira m'tsogolo.

Takambirana nthawi ya chitukuko cha zamoyo monga sayansi osiyana, koma ukutionetsera malangizo waukulu.