Mbiri ya chitsulo, akale ndi zitsulo zamakono

zitsulo masiku ano zothandiza kwambiri chuma - iwo magazi anayima, ndi kuwavula, ndipo zonsezi ndi amazipanga yachidule ndi yosavuta! Koma amene anapanga chitsulo kwa nthawi yoyamba? Mtundu wanji iwo anali poyamba? Nkhani yotsatira limafotokoza mbiri ya chitsulo.

The Kale

Malinga ndi asayansi, mbiri ya chitsulo akuyamba kalelo. Aztec mafuko, ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito iyi, miyala wamba, amene kuvala zovala ndi kumanzere kwa kanthawi. Stone zinthu ngati atolankhani ndipo zovala ankawachotsera pansi sikelo yake.

Pakuti crease makolo athu anatambasula nsalu yonyowa ndi zouma padzuwa. Agiriki mu masiku amakedzana osati ankawachotsera, komanso Pangani makutu zovala. Kuti nsalu m'maganizo iwo anatulukira pleating, ndi zotsatira zimenezi anali zimatheka mwa timitengo mkangano chitsulo.

Aroma ntchito agwirizane zitsulo ndi nyundo. Iwo Hostess "kugonja" m'makwinya a zovala yonyowa. The Chinese m'zaka IV ntchito chipangizo, chokhala mu mawonekedwe poto.

The Asilavo anali Sichikupezeka chida limodzi. Kukonza zinthu ndi "Val" - ndodo ndi chogwirizitsa - ndi "Rubel" - corrugated bolodi. Zovala bala pa "outrigger", ndipo pamwamba adagulung'undisa "rubel" kapena monga iwo ukutchedwa, "pralku". Kudzera zimenezi osati ankawachotsera zovala, koma anasintha izo, chifukwa nsalu munali coarse ulusi achilengedwe.

Ages Middle zitsulo pa makala oyaka

Monga mmene taonera, kukhala ndi chida cha kusita anali pafupifupi nthawi zonse. Mwinanso cavemen ntchito timitengo kapena mafupa kutsegula khungu anangopha chintchito.

Mu Middle Ages mbiri ya chitsulo akupitiriza ake Inde. Ku Ulaya, tinali ndi brazier, ndiwo ayenera kubwera ku China. Udzathiridwa pamwamba pa makala otentha ndipo akugwira chogwirira, kutsogozedwa ndi zovala, ndi kuwongola kunja makwinya. Kuchita zimenezi sanali otetezedwa, chifukwa makala zouluka akhoza kwambiri kuvulaza munthu ndi kuwotcha mankhwala.

Mu XVI m'ma m'malo roaster kubwera zitsulo malasha, iwo anali kutchedwa nthunzi. zipangizo oterowo nyumba kutsegula kwa malasha, anali chogwirira pamwamba, ndiponso m'mbali - mabowo ang'onoang'ono. Pa ena kunali chitoliro yomwe bwino samatha.

Pansi pa chitsulo chinazilala pang'onopang'ono kuposa mu Kukuwotcha poto. Pofuna kupereka makala ukhale pansi, analiza mipata pambali. izi zitsulo akhala amazipanga kovuta, koma nthawi zina zofunika mafuta kutentha iwo mu osiyana mayendedwe. The pachilichonse za magetsi m'munsi grille anapereka, amene anaikidwa mkati, pansi pa makala. Nthunzi zitsulo ngakhale sanali yabwino braziers, koma nthawi zambiri otaika makala ndipo akhoza kuwonongeka nsalu.

Osewera zitsulo chitsulo

Pang'onopang'ono ikusintha mafashoni ndi kuluka. Masitaelo madiresi akhala zosavuta, ndi nsalu - ndi n'kakang'ono ndi lililonse limatisokoneza. timitengo ochiritsira ndi amangomvera ndi oopsa poto-fryer si abwino. Choyamba, mkati chitsulo ndi nthunzi kuika preheated ingot zachitsulo (m'malo malasha). Pambuyo palimodzi m'malo kapangidwe kuponya zachitsulo chitsulo.

Komabe, chida chotero masekeli 10 makilogalamu, choncho ntchito makamaka kwa nsalu coarse.

Zitsulo ang'onoang'ono ntchito nsalu wosakhwima. Cuffs, zipewa, masuti tailors osiyana mbali chitsulo ndi kupiringiza zitsulo. Analiponso wapadera mogwirizana zitsulo, kubwereza mtundu wa magolovesi. Apa ndi kuchuluka wolemera.

zitsulo Mpesa ku zachitsulo woyamba bwino kutenthetsa mu uvuni kapena pa moto. Zinatha nthawi yaitali, nthawi zina ola. Choncho, amatukutuku wangwiro kwambiri pakufunika chida, kupanga chogwirira zochotseka. Zikatero, chitsulo ankagwiritsa ntchito awiri: mmodzi ndi kukondwera ndi pamwamba chiwiri imene imapereka kwambiri ndalama nthawi.

Olimba pulasitala zitsulo opangidwa ku Russia mpaka m'ma XX atumwi, ndipo otsiriza anamasulidwa chitsulo ndi zochotseka amangomvera masiku ku 1989.

zosemasema

Kuwonjezera mbali zothandiza, zitsulo akale ndipo anali zokongoletsa. Kupanga za "akaphatikiza" anali kulenga ndondomeko. Amangomvera, mbali mbali ndi pamwamba kuchita mpumulo, nthawi zambiri chokongoletsedwa ndi zokongoletsa. Pamwamba lokutidwa ndi zina zitsulo, monga mkuwa, chifukwa kupatsana wamkulu finesse chitsulo chotupa.

Makamaka wolemekezeka mabanja zitsulo anapanga dongosolo. Iwo amapangidwa kuchokera ku mkuwa, siliva inlays, chosema matabwa amangomvera.

Kugula chida analakalaka chuma, kunali koyenera kuti ndalama zoipa. Iwo ndalama kwambiri, ndi kupanga mbali ya banja, kusintha kwa makolo ndi ana kupyolera mwa cholowa. Mu Russia ndi Ukraine zitsulo itayandikana samovar pa tablecloth zingwe, kusonyeza iwo ngati mbiya wokongola kapena chithunzi.

Zitsulo mowa

Mu Germany, m'zaka za m'ma XIX kupangidwa zitsulo ntchito chifukwa cha mowa. Kuti chipangizo anali Ufumuyo bokosi zitsulo limene anatsanulira mowa. Woonda chubu mkati chitsulo yomatidwa bokosi ndi mowa ndi. Mafuta anali nathirapo iye mkati, ndiye torched ndi dzanja ndi kutentha.

Mowa zitsanzo anali weniweni zachilendo. Iwo anali yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito iwo yabwino. Mu Russia, chifukwa chitsulo ichi tikhoza kukupatsa 10 kuponya chitsulo. Ndipo mowa palibe amene ankawafuna kumasulira chabe, kotero kuti chidali chifuniro sanakakhale. Kuwonjezera mowa, panali nyali zitsulo ndi chimodzimodzi mfundo opaleshoni.

Mu Novgorod, Semenov anapanga makina amene amayendetsa ndi madzi. Pamwamba linali lofika ketulo, amene analimbikitsa madzi, ndipo Kuchokera m'menemo ndi mkangano soleplate.

zitsulo gasi

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX amagwira ntchito mpweya. Kupezeka zitsulo, amene mkangano ndi kuyaka. Gasi botolo linali lofika chipangizo, ndipo mkati burner anali wolumikizana ndi zitsulo chubu.

Kapangidwe wodzilemekeza mpope, amene nthaŵi zina limodzi ndi fani. Inali anali pa chivindikiro chitsulo. Kuti limagwirira ntchito, izo bala mpaka kiyi. Zimakupiza chiyambi kupota kutulutsa mafuta kuchokera mbiya kukankhira zitsulo chubu. A kuchuluka mabowo chubu zapita awiri mpweya kuti burner lapansi. Iron kutenthedwa, ndi kutentha kwa nthunzi kuyaka mpweya analimbikitsa yekha.

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi, mwina zimapangitsa moyo mosavuta, poyerekeza ndi zitsulo ponderous chitsulo. chitetezo chipangizo yekha wakhala Mufunsidwe. Kunyalanyaza, ndiponso kunyalanyaza wamba zinachititsa ngozi kawirikawiri - moto ndi mabomba.

chozizwa zamagetsi

Magetsi zosaneneka mphatso kwa anthu. Ndi, moyo kwambiri chosavuta, ndipo latsopano zida Anayambitsa akutiakuti. Woyamba chitsulo magetsi anapereka dziko Genri Sili June 6, 1882.

Maziko a kamangidwe wakhala Kutentha Arc, zobisika mu thupi la chipangizo. Inali pakati pa awiri maelekitirodi mpweya, amene anali kudyetsedwa panopa. Kamangidwe sanali wangwiro, kotero ntchito chitsulo kusamala kwambiri - inu akanatha kupeza mantha magetsi.

Kenako Arc maelekitirodi m'malo ndi mwauzimu, amene anali olekanitsidwa bwino. opanga wamakono wa zitsulo kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko imeneyi. Kusintha yekha tsatanetsatane, chaka chilichonse ungwiro kamodzi anatulukira limagwirira.

Pa zipangizo Anatipatsa imodzi kuwayang'anira kutentha, chimango zitsulo ali galasi ceramic, panali zosiyanasiyana ntchito zina ndi modes.

zakale

Okumbukira zakale zonse pa dziko, pali zinthu zakale, kumene mungapeze yakale yoyendera zitsulo chitsanzo. Mu Russia, mu Pereyaslav-Zalessky, Iron Museum anachokera wa m'sitolo yakale yoyendera. Iwo chinamasulidwa mu 2002. Director wa Museum mwachangu kugula zitsulo, ndalama ndi madola oposa 30 zikwi. Ambiri a iwo kukopedwa pa Vernissage mu Izmailovo Moscow.

Bwaloli magulu 200 zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho. Pano mukhoza kupeza ndi chitsulo, ndi nthuzi ndi Kutentha zitsanzo. M'nyumbayi ngakhale amapita chitsulo tchuthi kangapo pa chaka.

Mu Ukraine mzinda wa Zaporozhye chitsulo owonetsera zakale linatsegulidwa posachedwapa. Antchito 'Kukwera Akavalo Theatre "anatuluka kusonkhanitsa yakale yoyendera zitsulo chitsanzo ndithu mwangozi. Patatha zaka zinayi kusonkhanitsa anasonkhana zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho zokwanira kutsegula kwa Zinthu.

bungwe ili pafupi 300 zitsulo, ena amene anapereka kuti m'nyumbayi wa Pereyaslav-Zaleski. Apa mungaphunzire mwatsatanetsatane za mbiri ndi chitukuko cha zofunika kwambiri banja chipangizo chamagetsi.

Iron alinso Museum ku likulu la Latvia, mumzinda wa Grodno, mu Belarus, mu France, mu Roubaix. Sungani iwo mu United States, Netherlands ndi Japan.

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi lalikulu - French. Iwo zatoleredwa zokhudza 4000 zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho, kuphatikizapo zitsanzo za XVI atumwi. M'nyumbayi ngakhale kabudula ndi stylized zipinda, komanso makina kusita zinthu.

Pomaliza

Mbiri ya chitsulo mizu m'mbuyo zaka. Zonse Kuwonjezera zipangizo kusintha kwawo maonekedwe. Kutulukira zitsulo kubwera yaitali njira kuchokera oopsa, chodzaza ndi makala zitsanzo kwa bulky kuponya chitsulo, mowa mphamvu. Tsopano chitsulo - chodabwitsa ndithu wamba banal, koma zimenezi zisanachitike iwo osati ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, komanso anali ngati chokongoletsera kunyumba. Current zitsanzo ntchito mamangidwe omwe kupangidwa mu XIX atumwi, koma kupitiriza kusintha mawonekedwe ndi mfundo.