Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna, mkazi Gorky akuti: yochepa yonena

Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova-Volzhina - mkazi chodabwitsa, dzina amatchulidwa atauzidwa yonena kapena nkhani za moyo wa Maksima Gorkogo. Pankhaniyi, anthu ambiri kudziwa kuti anali mmodzi wa amene adayambitsa gulu la lotchedwa Political Red Cross, amene 1918 ndi 1937 tikulalikira makonzedwe a thandizo kwa akaidi mu ndende ya Soviet Russia ndi USSR.

Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna: yonena

Ana a mabanja chabwino cha m'ma 19, monga ulamuliro, anali akaidi za mtundu wawo. Komabe, pofika cha m'ma zinthu zasintha chifukwa anthu ambiri a kalasi ino osauka, ndipo ana awo anali woposa ana a opeza kapena ntchito, sadzachitanso apeze zosoŵa zawo.

Mwa ana awa wolemekezeka ku mabanja losauka anali ndi Katya Volzhina (atakwatirana Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna). Iye anabadwira m'banja lapamwamba mu mzinda wa Sumy. Chifukwa ena osadziwika, amasonyeza anabadwa mu zolemba 3 zaka zosiyana. Komabe, mwalamulo kuti anavomereza kuti Katya Volzhina anabadwa mu July 1876. Patapita nthawi, banja lake anasamukira ku Samara, monga bambo, kusautsa angongole, anataya mwayi wake onse. Uko, banja kukakhala ku nyumba Yoona za Malo Ogona pa malipiro a mayi, omwe amabadwa zokwanira kulipira nyumba. Kale kuyambira galamala 4 kalasi Katya anayamba kupereka maphunziro, chifukwa bambo anga anali kudwala kwambiri. Komanso, iye anathandiza mayi ake, amene anathamanga ndi msuzi khitchini anthu anjala.

Mu 1895, Catherine maphunziro a sekondale ndi Mendulo ndipo nthawi yomweyo anaganiza ntchito. Iye anachita izo mofulumira kwambiri moti patapita miyezi ingapo pambuyo chiphaso cha kalata ya mtsikana anali wantchito "Samara nyuzipepala" ndi kuchita ntchito ya wowongolera lapansi.

Ankadziwa achinyamata Gorky

Mu kope "Samara nyuzipepala" Catherine Volzhina anakumana ndi Alekseem Peshkovym, amene nthawi lofalitsidwa mu kalata iyi. Pakati pa achinyamata anayamba chibwenzi kamvuluvulu. Panapita pafupifupi chaka makolo a mtsikanayo kupirira kusankha mwana wake wamkazi. Iwo ngakhale apitenso Kronstadt poganiza kuti chikondi chake wolemba-kupanduka sikungakuthandizeni kulekana yaitali. Koma tsoka anali linakana: Paulo Volzhin moyo mpaka kubwerera kwa atsikana ulendo ndi mkazi wamasiye chiyani saletsa ndi mwana wake wamkazi. Ndi madalitso ake m'chilimwe cha 1896 Catherine ndi Max anali okwatira. Pambuyo Catherine Volzhina anasintha dzina lake kwa Peshkov ndi sanasinthe pamaso pa mapeto a moyo.

anakwatira

Mu 1897 banjalo mwana wawo Max, kenako mwana Katya, amene anafa oumitsa khosi pamene iye anali atachoka 5 zaka.

chochitika izi zinachitika atangobadwa banja wamng'ono anasamukira ku Nizhny Novgorod. imfa mtsikanayo anali kuchititsa othetsa pakati pa anthu a pabanja, ndi kumapeto kwa 1903, Peshkov adagawana ndi kuvomerezana kwanu ndiko, m'pamenenso kuti Gorky anali mkazi wina. Komabe, iwo anapitiriza moyo wake ubwenzi wabwino kwambiri. Pali umboni kuti chisudzulo ofunda Aleksey Maksimovich ndi Yekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova konse formalized. Kuchirikiza mfundo imeneyi n'chakuti Gorky salinso agwirizane ukwati uliwonse mayina, ngakhale nthawi kupita ndi akazi.

dziko lina

Mu 1907, pamodzi ndi 10 wazaka mwana limakhulupirira Peshkov Ekaterina Pavlovna namuka. Anakhala makamaka Paris. Posachedwapa, mkazi wakale wa Gorky anaganiza kukapitiriza maphunziro ake ndipo ndinayamba kupita maphunziro chinenero French ndi nkhani sayansi chikhalidwe cha anthu pa yunivesite Sorbonne. Likufanana ndi ichi, anakopeka ntchito ya ndende thandizo mabwalo ndi ukapolo, bungwe ndi V. N. Figner. Lina Peshkov Ekaterina Pavlovna (onani chithunzi. Pamwamba pa unyamata wake) limodzi ndi Socialist-boma, ndipo ntchito mu ofesi obwera, tidalamula kuti gulu la zinthu zothandizira Russian kwawo ndale.

Pa First World nkhondo

Mu 1914, Peshkov ankapita komiti ana "Thandizani akuvutika chifukwa cha nkhondo" ndi gulu la anthu ongodzipereka, kuyang'ana kwa ana anasiya mzere kutsogolo. Mu ntchito iyi, iye anathandiza I. N. Saharov - agogo A. D. Saharova.

Kukambirana kuti kunyumba iye angathandizire nayo kwambiri, Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna, pamodzi ndi mwana wake anabwerera ku Russia. njira zawo zinali zonse za ulendo, kuti chifukwa cha mavuto azandale analenga pamene dziko, ku Italy iwo anali kupita tumizani ku Constantinople ndi ku kufika Odessa.

Ntchito Red Cross

Anthu amene ankamudziwa Ekaterinu Peshkovu, amatchedwa munthu wa chilengedwe kuthandiza iye, chifukwa chakuti mbali yaikulu ya moyo wake wodzipereka kwa anthu chifukwa ina amapezeka mu vuto pamene iwo sangathe kudzithandiza okha. Ngakhale pa nthawi yomwe a kunja mtsikanayo anayamba kugwirizana ndi Red Cross ndi kupitiriza kufunafuna akaidi ndi atabwerera kunyumba.

Pa mantha Bolshevik Peshkov Ekaterina Pavlovna anapitiriza ntchito Red Cross. Bolshevik gulu asalole, koma boma la achinyamata Republic sanathe zawozo, chifukwa amaphatikiza kanjedza ngati wolemekezeka monga Korolenko, Kropotkin, ndi Veresaev Figner. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali yoweyula atsopano a akaidi a zandale, tsopano sindimagwirizana ndi ndondomeko ya RSDLP ndi (b).

"Co-ntchito" ndi KGB ndi NKVD

Moscow Committee Red Cross kupita ndende Peshkova analangiza. Cheka izi ayi ndipo anayang'ana pa ntchito yake kudzera zala zake. Iwo anasunga ngakhale umboni kuti Mkazi wa Gorky ku umodzi wa maulendo ake kunja anabweretsa F. Dzerzhinsky mphatso kamwa. Akukhulupirira kuti chifukwa ubale awa ndi chikhumbo caress Gorky Lenin m'zonse kuti mudzapeze chithandizo chake.

Komabe, mu 1919 Ekaterinu Pavlovnu linatsegulidwa kufufuza file. Nayenso mlandu a Socialist-Chiwukirano Party. Pa kufufuza, mayiyo mu nyumba idadzazidwa anafufuza, koma iye sanali anamangidwa, ndipo mu 1922 choncho Anatseka.

Pompolit

Mu 1922, Ekaterina Peshkova (mkazi Gorky a) walenga gulu latsopano. anthu odziwika izo Pompolitom chifukwa antchito ake ayesa kupanga moyo kosavuta mayenje a mdima m'ndende zikwi za anthu amene akuvutika ndi kupondereza ndale. Nthawi zambiri, mkazi anapita akaidi pamene kufufuza Akaidi anayambitsa ndi Polish Red Cross. Komanso, Ekaterina Peshkova (mkazi wa Gorky) mobwerezabwereza n'kupita kudziko lina kulera ndalama njala Volga. Ndipo chopereka chake makamaka kwa chipulumutso cha Ayuda, mlandu Zionism, ndipo ambiri mwa iye anathandiza kusamuka kwa Palestine.

Ngakhale mu 1938 Pompolit chinatsekedwa mkulu wa NKVD ndi, Ekaterina Pavlovna anapitiriza kuthandiza onse amene anatembenuka kwa iye. Mu 1941 izo anasamutsidwa kuti Tashkent, komwe ankakhala mpaka pamene nkhondoyo inatha.

Mu zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna, mbiri yomwe wadziwa kwa zaka zambiri amagwira ntchito ngati mlangizi pa Archives A. Gorky Institute of World Literature. Iye anafa atadwala nthawi yaitali mu 1965. Iye anaikidwa pa Novodevichy manda, pafupi ndi mwana wake, ndi mwana wamkazi.

mwana

Monga tanenera kale, wobadwa woyamba Peshkov - limakhulupirira - anabadwa mu 1897. Ambiri a ubwana wake anakhala ndi mayi ake kunja. Atabwerera mu 1917 analowa RSDLP. Nthawi yomweyo pambuyo ndinayamba kugwira ntchito mu KGB, kumene iye anali wokhudzidwa ndi nkhani ndi chakudya mwa likulu. Mu 1922 iye anachoka Italy. Iye ankakhala mu Berlin. Nthawi zambiri anakumana ndi Gorky. Mu 1932, pamodzi ndi atate wake ndi mkazi wake anabwerera ku USSR. Amadziwika kuti nthawi zambiri anaitanidwa palokha ndipo solder Commissar wa NKVD Yagoda. Tsiku lina, atabwerera ku phwando lotsatira, mu ozizira kwambiri, anali atakhala pabwalo, ozizira kwambiri ndipo anamwalira ndi chibayo.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa amene anali Peshkov Ekaterina Pavlovna. The chokumbukira anthu amene anaona zochita zake ndi Red Cross ndi Pompolite zimaonetsa kuti anali munthu amene anapereka moyo wake kuti chikondi - kuthandiza anthu amene amapezeka mu zovuta moyo.