Tiuna - mtumiki wa mkulu kapena fuko lomveka

Tiuna - ndi okhazikika bwino generic dzina kwa chiwerengero cha magulu amayi, akalonga munthu ndi atumiki boyars. More ndi dzina limeneli Lazaro wakale adayitana atumiki onse kapena m'malo udindo wawo pankhani loyang'anira ndi zachiweruzo.

mtengo

Mu Kiev Lazaro Tiunov (tivunom) wotchedwa kalonga kapena woyang'anira boyar, kalaliki, kapitawo ku Grand Duchy ndi Moscow State isanafike XVII. - dzina la bizinesi, vicegeral, mpingo ndi posts milandu. Ntchito iyoyomwe mizu Scandinavia ndipo ndi gawo la Russia anadza kupyolera Varangians (wakale Scand. Thionn). The etymology mawu zikusonyeza kuti ambiri kwambiri: ". Bailiff" ku mawu akale Russian amatanthauza "kuchepetsa" mu Chiyukireniya ndi "woyang'anira" Tiuna - izo ndi mtumiki wa bwalo Prince, ndipo kugwirizana makonzedwe ngakhale m'munsi m'midzi.

Tiuna ku Russia

Tiuna ku Russia - ulamuliro pa munda, mu utumiki wa akalonga ndi boyars, kapena ali ndi udindo dongosolo. Ognischny, kenako dzina - nyumba yachifumu, anachititsa nyumba, pabwalo. Makola Tiuna, motero, udindo akavalo ndi makola, ntchito makola a. Pa ulimi ndi rataynom adagona ntchito m'munda, ndi zina zotero. D. Tiuna ndi thandizo zofunika kwambiri ndi thandizo kwa nzika ang'onoang'ono pa kayendetsedwe ndi mayesero. Ambiri a iwo sanali ufulu. Monga "Russian Choonadi" mwamsanga pamene wina anatenga malo otchedwa "Tiuna" amapita ku gulu la anthu amene iwo amachitcha kapolo. Kusunga ufulu wake, kunali kofunikira mu nkhani iyi kunena pangano wapadera. Mu "Choonadi Russian" Limanenanso "tivunskom osawerengeka" (kutanthauza pakalibe mgwirizano yake) monga gwero lina la ukapolo. Ngakhale zili chomwechi, udindo tiuns Kalonga anali amphamvu kwambiri. Pakuti kupha wa zaulimi kapena rataynogo - 12 hryvnia, chifukwa kupha sender boyar - 40 hryvnia. Pakuti ognischnogo Kalonga anapereka waukulu kukula - 80 hryvnia.

Kapolo Chiune amaloledwa kukhala umboni m'khoti, ngati palibe wina free, ngakhale ulamuliro anali "poslushestva kapolo skladayut." bwalo panokha yekha kalonga ndingataye pa izo. akuluakulu Minor, amene anali akuluakulu a milandu ndi utsogoleri, amatchedwanso Tiuna. Iwo amaikidwa ndi Prince, volosteli kapena nduna. Mu zaka 13-14 chiwerengero tiuns kazembe anatsimikiza mtima udzatha. Ngati Tikayerekeza akuluakulu zazing'ono kukhoti kuti a kazembe, woyamba anali khoti m'munsi. Ngakhale kuti Chiune mphotho ikuchitika pa maziko ofanana, theka revenues ake siinafike kazembe anafika. Anthu anapandukira wosakondedwayo nduna zake (tizikumbukira kupanduka kwa anthu a Kyiv mu 1146). Ntchito zolembalemba Tiuna - odzikonda wopondereza mtundu (mwachitsanzo, mu Mawu Daniila Zatochnika).

Tiuna mu Muscovy ndi Grand Duchy la Lithuania

Apa, cholinga wakhala ankatembenukira kwa ndalama ntchito yoyang'anira ndi zachiweruzo. Patapita zaka 14-17. anapitiriza kulibe kalonga Tiuna, anatenga chuma. Pali akhala m'gulu zida vicegeral ndiponso amene anali ntchito milandu. Grand Duchy la Lithuania dzina Tiuna ambuye chachikulu ang'onoang'ono amene anapatsidwa udindo pa kayendetsedwe ka Township (kenako anayamba kutchedwa abwanamkubwa) ndi kusonkhanitsa msonkho (amene "zosonkhanitsira munthu wa msonkho," ankatchedwa panthawi imeneyo koma). M'madera ena a Galich, kumene anali akadali zotsala za ufulu wakale, anthu anali oyimira osankhidwa a m'midzi.

Tiuna ndi Mpingo

Mpingo Tiunov anali a mitundu iwiri: amene kumvera akuluakulu bishopu yakale, ndipo anthu odzitcha "Vladycha". Sichanzeru ankakhala tchalitchi mzinda natumikira pafupi bishopu. Malinga ndi chigamulo Chikwi Mitu a tchalitchi udindo waukulu Chiune anali opereka ansembe amene anapita tchalitchi ganyu kutumikira mapemphero, mbendera. Otsiriza ndi ufulu kuchita zimenezi. Kenako Tiunov udindo dongosolo mu mpingo. Iwo amaoneka ngati atsogoleri ndi ansembe akulu kugwira ntchito zawo.

Tiunskaya kanyumba

Tiuna, amene anali wamtengo wapatali pa mpingo, akulu, ndi ansembe adakhala pamodzi mu nyumba Popovski, ndiyeno Tiunskoy mpaka 1667. Komabe, zinthu zasintha. Tiunskaya kanyumba mkulu wa za zipembedzo linasintha mu 1674 ndi Kuyambira 1690 mabishopu, Joachim. Mu 1724 izo potsiriza kutsekedwa. Mwachitsanzo mabishopu anatsatira mabishopu ndi anadzetsa otchuka kutsegula Tiunskih kwake kapena malamulo. Last oyankhira zinthu zofanana zokhuza makonzedwe diocesan, monga kale ndipo Tiuna. Kuthandiza kulenga Synod nthawi ya Peter Ine analengedwa ndi Komiti, lomwe limatchedwanso ofesi, koma chaka chotsatira izo linathetsedwa.

Tiuna - munthu amene amakumana ufulu wake, koma wakhalanso anapatsidwa kwambiri udindo. anthu awa ankatsatira nyumba, munda, nyama zatenga malo ena mu mpingo kapena anali akuluakulu.