Mbiri ya Eiffel Tower ku Paris

The Eiffel Tower, chizindikiro cha Paris, ali ndi mbiri yovuta. Choyamba, sanaulandire, ndiye ntchito, koma tsopano sangathe kulingalira popanda likulu French la nyumba iyi chodabwitsa.

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Wotchuka chizindikiro cha Paris, kupereka mzinda bwino dziko view, lili pa Field ya Mars, akale asilikali perete pansi, omwe n'kukhala okongola. Iwo agawidwa makwalala, chokongoletsedwa ndi mayiwe ang'ono ndi mabedi maluwa. Kusirira nsanja ndi mlatho wa Jena. Wachisomo openwork mamangidwe kuonekera mfundo zambiri mu Paris, ngakhale kuti anali poyamba anakonza Eifel ayi. Nsanja anali kuchita ntchito limodzi - kukhala pakhomo zachilendo kwa World Chiwonetsero.

chiyanjo Project ndi kuika kapangidwe

Mbiri ya Tower Eiffel idayamba m'ma XIX. Mu 1889, a Expo World kuonedwa ku likulu French. mwambo umenewu unali wofunika kwambiri kwa dziko. Iwo anali anapima kuti lifanane ndi centenary wa itachita wa Bastille ndipo anali ndi kwa miyezi 6.

Chimodzi mwa zolinga chionetserocho - chionetsero cha zaluso zina, kotero ndiAmene kupikisana pavilions, amene ntchito kudzakhala kosavuta kusonyeza m'tsogolo. Khomo chionetserocho anali kutumikira monga chipilalachi. Amisiri anafunsidwa kuti akonze kusodza zomangamanga, umene amasonyeza mphamvu luso dziko ndi kukwaniritsa zomangamanga.

Kupereka nawo mpikisano ku utsogoleli Parisian analandira zomangamanga onse ndi mamangidwe a mzinda amasinthira, kuphatikizapo Gustave Eiffel. Iye analibe okonzeka zopangidwa njira, ndipo anaganiza kuyang'ana chinachake abwino ntchito kuti akhala kulephereka. Pali chinachake kwa iwo, napeza sewero la nsanjayo, kulengedwa ndi Maurice Keshlenom, wothandiza wake. Ndi yomanga Emile Nuge anali kuimaliza kukonza ndi kugonjera Mpikisanowo Eiffel. Injiniya aluntha koyamba pamodzi ndi ndiAmene cha polojekiti ndi setifiketi pa icho ndipo kenako anagula izo kuchokera Keshla ndi Nuge. Choncho, pomwe yekha umwini kwa zojambula nsanja ankadutsa Gustave Eiffel.

mpikisano anali akufuna ntchito zosiyanasiyana komanso maganizo, komanso mbiri ya Tower Eiffel ndipo sanathe kuyamba. Engineering kusintha anapangidwa kamangidwe kuti kwambiri kukongoletsa, ndi zinayi khama otsala pa mapeto a ntchito mpikisano anamusankha.

Eiffel Tower - chaka cha magawo kuyambira ntchito yomanga ndi erection

Kumangidwa kwa yomanga chimphona anayamba January 28, 1887. Anapitiriza kwa zaka ziwiri,-miyezi iwiri ndi masiku asanu. M'masiku amenewo unali liwiro kuposa kale lonse. Ikufotokoza zithunzi zonse mwatsatanetsatane Kumwambamwamba, amene anali kuyang'anira kukula enieni ndi chinaneneratu mfundo yomanga oposa 18 zikwi. Komanso, kufulumizitsa mayendedwe a ntchito, Eifel ntchito gawo zoduliratu la nsanjayo. mamiliyoni awiri ndi theka rivets ankagwiritsa ntchito kulumikiza mfundo zonse yomanga. Mbali chisanadze yokonzekeratu ndi tizibowo rivet akhala mokhomerera, ndipo ambiri a iwo wakhazikitsidwa, umene kufulumizitsa msonkhano.

Eiffel inaperekedwa kuti palibe matabwa chisanadze kukolola ndi mbali zina za dongosolo si yolemera matani oposa 3 - kotero iwo savuta kukweza cranes. Pamene kutalika la nsanjayo ali kuchepa kukula kwa zipangizo kukweza, afika kuthandiza munthu wamanga-cholinga mwachindunji cranes a m'manja kuti tichoke njanji, analengedwa kuti pamalo m'tsogolo.

Chinthu chovuta kwambiri kwa Gustave Eiffel sanali ntchito pa pamwamba, pa mamita 300 okwera ndipo pomanga nsanja ya nsanja choyamba. Sand odzazidwa zitsulo zonenepa kuthandiza kulemera kwa mizati inayi otsamira. Pang'onopang'ono kumasuka mchenga, iwo akhoza mu malo olondola. Pamene ichi chidachitika, nsanja woyamba anaika horizontally.

Mtengo wa ntchito pa ntchito yomanga nsanja anali pafupifupi miliyoni 8 franc. ndalama yomanga akanakhoza kulipira yokha mu nthawi ya chionetsero (6 miyezi).

Kulemera ndi kukula kwa nyumba

Kodi mamita ambiri Eiffel Tower anali mkulu kachiwiri? Ndi mamita 300 kutali ndipo ali Pakachitika zambiri kuyerekezera ndi kukula kwake fano la Ufulu (mamita 93 ndi lubwe pedestal).

Ndipo angati mamita wa Tower Eiffel kutalika ali tsopano? Pambuyo khazikitsa ndi mlongoti latsopano inasanduka mamita 24 apamwamba. Kulemera okwana nsanja ndi matani 10 chikwi. Ndi aliyense penti kulemera nyumbayi ukuwonjezeka ndi matani wina 60.

Tsoka la nsanjayo pambuyo chionetserocho ndiponso mmene Paris

Mu mgwirizano lalembedwa ndi Eiffel, nsanja ankayenera kuti ankaiphwasula zaka 20 pambuyo yomanga. kupambana kwake kunali lalikulu - pa chionetserocho anthu oposa mamiliyoni awiri anafuna kuona yomanga luso amene anali Palibenso dziko. Pa chaka, anakwanitsa recoup kwambiri lotuluka yomanga. Koma kusirira alendo sanali kugawana anzeru kulenga wa Paris. Eiffel Tower (France sankadziwa maganizo kwambiri maganizo za maofesi ena aliwonse) chifukwa mkwiyo ndi mkwiyo mwa ojambula zithunzi ndi olemba. Iwo ankaganiza kuti yonyansa, ngati m'chumunicho fakitale, ndipo adawopa kuti akuphwanya maonekedwe wapadera Paris, wopangidwa kwa zaka zambiri.

Mbiri ya Tower Eiffel akhoza kutha dismantling ake, ngati si nthawi ya wailesi. Pa tinyanga wailesi anaikidwa nyumba ndi kumanga chapeza mtengo kwambiri njira. Pa kugwetsa nsanja tsopano sankatha kulankhula. Mu 1906, Nsanja Eiffel anaika wailesi, ndipo mu 1957 panali TV mlongoti pamwamba pake.

Kufotokozera za Tower Eiffel ndi zifukwa kwa peculiarities wa zomangamanga ake

Pansi ndi kumanga piramidi. Iwo aumbike mwa mizati inayi otsamira. Pa iwo mpumulo lalikulu loyamba (mamita 65 m'mimba mwake) nsanja la nsanjayo. Zogwiriziza ogwirizana ndi anawasema arched tracery. Apamwamba pa mizati inayi ndi nsanja yachiwiri. The mizati inayi la nsanjayo anayamba unadzipiringiza ndi kulumikiza mu ndime yaikulu. Ndi nsanja lachitatu. Pamwamba ndi nyumba ndi malo osewerera yaing'ono pang'ono kuposa mita awiri.

Pansi woyamba, pa lingaliro wamanga, ili odyera. Pa wachiwiri, pali malo odyera wina ndi chidebe ndi mafuta lubricating kwa yokonza zikepe. Phaka lachitatu anaperekedwa kwa labu (zakuthambo ndi nyengo).

Pakuti mawonekedwe osaka nsanja pa nthawi ya Eifel anali kudzudzulidwa. Ndipotu, ntchito yokonza wanzeru ndi wamanga ankadziwa kuti dongosolo mkulu wa ngozi yaikulu ndi mphepo yamphamvu. Kapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe a nsanja tinapangidwa kupirira mphepo katundu mkulu.

Eiffel Tower: zosangalatsa za wotchuka chizindikiro cha Paris

Adolf Hitler pa ntchito ya France ndi asilikali a ku Germany anapita Paris ndipo ankafuna kuti mukwere Tower Eiffel. Koma asanabwere wa pagalimoto pamalo wakhala kwambiri kuonongeka ndi kukonza sikutheka zinthu nkhondo. Mtsogoleri wa Germany sanathe kukwera nsanja. Pambuyo kumasulidwa kwa French likulu Nyamulani udachita maola ochepa.

The wamanga wa Tower Eiffel wakhala nkhawa kwambiri nkhani ya chitetezo, kuyambira ntchito yolalikira ikuchitika pa okwera kwambiri. Pakuti mbiri yonse ya nyumbayi, palibe antchito sanataye - ndi malo wopambana kwambiri kwa zaka.

Ndi Eiffel Tower ndi kugwirizana zochitika zosasangalatsa - mu 2009 iye anali kupereka malo wachitatu mu kutchuka pakati kudzipha.

Kuti repaint nsanja, kudzatenga zaka imodzi ndi theka ntchito ndi matani 60 utoto.

Pa tsiku la nsanjayo izo amadya magetsi monga mmene m'mudzi waung'ono wa nyumba zana.

Paris wotchuka chizindikiro ali setifiketi yake mtundu - "bulauni Eiffel". Iye ali pafupi ndi izi mkuwa mthunzi nyumba yomanga.

Pali makope oposa 300 nsanja yotchuka. Zingapo mwa iwo ali mu Russia: mu Moscow, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Voronezh ndi Irkutsk.

The Eiffel Tower mu chikhalidwe

Odziwika akhala chinthu chidwi aluso, olemba ndakatulo, olemba ndi atsogoleri.

Mbiri ya Eiffel Tower zinalembedwa m'mabuku zopelekedwa ndi zotheka ake nthawi tsogolo izo wasonyeza mu matepi apocalyptic. Mmodzi wa mafilimu chidwi kwambiri - zopelekedwa "The tsogolo la dziko la moyo pambuyo pa anthu." Izo zikusonyeza kuti popanda yokonza kwa nthawi yaitali Tower Eiffel sadzatha kuzikana adani zikuluzikulu: dzimbiri ndi mphepo. Pambuyo za 150-300 zaka za mbali chapamwamba pa mlingo wa nsanja lachitatu unagwa ndi kugwa.

Koma ambiri a Tower Eiffel Tingaone mu zojambula aluso. Zhan Bero, amadziwika mtundu wanyimbo zojambula wake zosonyeza mmene moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku mu Paris, analenga kupenta "Padziko Eiffel Tower" imene Parisienne ndi anadabwa kuganizira kapangidwe yaikulu. A zambiri za ntchito zoyenera chilengedwe Eiffel Mark Shagal.

Pomaliza

The imodzi mwa nyumba kwambiri kuzindikira ndi dziko Eiffel Tower. France ali ndi maganizo amanyadira chizindikiro lodabwitsali wa Paris. Maganizo kuchokera pamwamba pa nsanja ya mzinda, zazikulu.

Kutama iwo tsiku lirilonse - wanzeru chilengedwe cha Gustave Eiffel ndi lotseguka kwa alendo kumapeto kwa sabata.