Mbiri ya kusindikiza kapena zimene anthu anapanga pepala

Kufunsa mafunso zimene anthu anapanga pepala, muyenera kuganizira makina nkhani zimene zimachokera chitukuko kulemba Egypt, Babulo ndi China. Apa ndi pamene ali atatu dongosolo yaikulu yosindikiza.

Mu Egypt zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo chosema nkhani zakale pa miyala mapiramidi. Komanso zizindikiro olembedwa anapezeka pa njerwa m'mabwinja a Babulo. Ancient Malaibulale anali mbiri pamatabwa dongo, ndipo kenako - pa mwala ndi mkuwa mbale.

Patsogolo anali atulukira amtunduwu monga mfundo kulemba, anthu a Egypt. Koma chifukwa yogawa malire a gumbwa, komanso mavuto kupanga ake, mtundu watsopano wa mapepala - zikopa, ndi cholimba. Komabe, zipangizo zonsezi si oyenera kusindikiza misa mabuku, kunafuna chilengedwe cha zinthu zatsopano mtengo. Choncho, pepala kupangidwa posachedwapa. Komabe, anthu ambiri amakhala ndi mafunso za pepala anatulukira imene dziko.

Mu nthano zambiri mu 153 chaka BC ku China anatulukira pepala. N'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa dziko wotchuka buku nzeru, choncho nthawi zonse anaona kufunika kwa zinthu zotsika mtengo kwa kulemba. The zopangira chifukwa anali CHIKWANGWANI za nsungwi mabulosi mtengo. The zatsopano Tai Lun tenderize zigawo zikuluzikulu zimenezi milled ndi misa chifukwa anapanga kuchokera mapepala, lotchedwa "shi". Popeza Chinese makungwa munsi kwa kulekanitsa ulusi, osakaniza chifukwa unatsanuliridwa mu trays lalikulu, pansi pa zomwe chosaneneka n'kupanga yopapatiza ya nsungwi. Pambuyo pa galasi madzi, mapepala pepala ndi zouma pa lathyathyathya pamwamba yatcheredwa nsanza akale ndi nsungwi. Chinachake Patapita pepala khalidwe ndi bwino powonjezera wowuma pa opanga wake. Nthawi zina anawonjezera zomatira ndi utoto zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe.

Komabe, m'zaka otsiriza kumpoto maiko a China anapezeka mu Baots phanga kumanda kumene mapepala zimapezeka zokhudza BC II atumwi. Asayansi amene ankaphunzira kwa nthawi yaitali, anthu ena anatulukira pepala, anapeza yankho ku funso limeneli. Iwo anapeza kuti pepala ichi chopangidwa kuchokera ku hemp, ndi yonyezimira, amene amapangidwa kuchokera cocoons wa silkworms zosalongosoka. Malinga ndi ena nthano akazi Chinese yophika silika cocoons anali kutsukira ndi milled mpaka kufikira zamkati chinapezeka, kenako mapepala chifukwa auma. pepala limeneli limatchedwa "thonje ubweya", phindu lake ndi mkulu mokwanira, monga zopangira kwa kupanga ake anali okwera mtengo kwambiri.

Mu nthawi ya Tai Lun pepala sizinali zachilendo zinthu osati chifukwa kulemba komanso ntchito zina zambiri. Komabe, Chinese anthu pepala anali drawback kwambiri - anali lotayirira, kotero utoto, omwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa kulemba, kufalitsa, monga mosavuta ong'ambika.

Kukhala nkhani zimene anthu anapanga pepala, mukhoza kuona mmene anagawira luso kupanga padziko lonse. Choncho, sayansi ya kupanga ake   pang'onopang'ono kuti anasamukira ku West, akukhala mbali ya chikhalidwe cha mitundu ina. Pang'onopang'ono, Chinese pochitika papermaking njira ku Perisiya, Arabia, Egypt, ndi m'mayiko amenewa - mu Europe. Kuyambira cha m'ma XV, ulimi wa pepala akuyamba kukula, koma kunali kovuta kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito yopanga misa pepala, milled mallets matabwa pamanja mu mtondo ndi pansi ndi mauna.

Chotero chochitika chofunika monga kuyambitsa pepala China wakhala ku dziko ndipo dziko wokondwa chachikulu, chifukwa kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya anthu, anthu nacho chuma chilipo kwa kulemba, amene si m'malo lero. Panopa Tai Lun akuti ndi amene anayambitsa kwambiri pa mbiri ya China komanso lonse la anthu. Choncho, ngati pali funso zimene anthu anapanga pepala, otetezeka kunena kuti ndi anthu aakulu Chinese.