Kellogg-Briand ke (1928). Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Kellogg-Briand ke

Mu August 1928 ku likulu la France Analeredwa ndi Kellogg-Briand ke, amene anagwirizana mayiko anadzitengera pa iwoeni udindo osati kumenya nkhondo ndi mzake. Ngakhale kuti mgwirizano ndi yaikulu anali ndi khalidwe ofunda, iye kwakukulukulu chinachititsa kuti ufulu Interstate.

The nkhani zandale

mgwirizano wa mayiko mu 1920s Mu zaka zapitazo inachitika pa awiri mfundo maganizo kwambiri. Choyamba mwa zinthuzi zinali zochokera yogawa ndi kufalitsa malingaliro zausilikali. Titamaliza wa First World nkhondo, imene yakhala ntchito angapo zaluso m'munda wa zida zoopsa, aliyense wa mayiko a munthu wopambana ndi mmodzi analengeza poyera kuti kuyambira tsopano iye anachita yekha kwa dziko, ndi kuika patsogolo afotokoze kufunika Kusiya.

Lingaliro lachiwiri anali osiyana choyamba. Ponena za dziko, utsogoleri wa mayiko amenewa anapitiriza kuchulukana zida. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo adayesetsa anthu kuti chirichonse chikuchitika okha kuti adzawapatse chitsimikizo cha chitetezo. Iwo ananena kuti osati angathe mnzake komanso anzawo safuna kungafooketse.

Chiphunzitso cha chitetezo losonkhanitsidwa

Anatengera pamaso pa dongosolo Versailles-Washington ubale pakati pa maiko awiri anakhazikitsa disparity ponena za kufalitsidwa kwa zida zokambirana zina pa nkhani imeneyi yekha kukuwonjezera izo. Koma mu 1925, mayiko akwanitsa kusaina Protocol Geneva loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida bacteriological ndi mankhwala.

Komanso, wokambirana Locarno, unachitikira mu chaka chomwecho, anatengera dongosolo la ufulu wachibadidwe woperekedwa ndi malire boma ndi chiwerengero cha mphamvu mwagwirizana anagwirizana mikangano yonse yekha ndi chigamulo adzakhala kuthetsedwa pakati pawo. Pamenepo chidakomera kuti maudindo awa kutsegula njira kuti azigwirizana komanso chilengedwe cha chiphunzitso gulu chitetezo.

kupereka Briand

Pa nthawi yomweyo onse pa dziko shirilos latsopano misa kuyenda. cholinga chake chinali kulengeza nkhondo zonse kunja lamulo. Mu achingelezi mayiko gulu limeneli anali makamaka anayamba. Choncho, ndiye French Minister okhonda Briand, kupita kukakumana ndi lonse maganizo a anthu, ndinaganiza kuti abweretse kwa chigamulocho mavuto European United States. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti izi zachitika, monga kuyenera kwa UK.

Mu April 1927, Bryant anasaina pamtima anthu American. , Iye anapereka akatunge mgwirizano pakati France ndi United States, amene adati loletsa ntchito ya nkhondo monga njira kukhazikitsa ndondomeko anthu. Ndipotu, pempho ili linalembedwa ndi pulofesa pa University Columbia, James Shotwell. Ndi boma la France anafuna kuonetsetsa kuti njira yawo kuganiza zabwino kwa anthu padziko lonse kudzera mwa mgwirizano umenewu, womwe amathandiza kwambiri zolimbitsira boma ku Ulaya.

ntchito Kukwezeleza

Lingaliro la nduna French anavomereza Mlembi US wa State Kellogg. Koma iye anapereka kusaina mgwirizano amgwirizano si, ndi Multilaterial, ndipo analankhula mwatsatanetsatane izi kwa atsogoleri a mayiko ena a ku Ulaya. Germany anali woyamba amene ntchitoyi American.

Tikumbukenso kuti Kellogg maganizo analenga mavuto ena mlandu mayiko amene afuna kuloŵa League of Nations. Izi n'zimene Article 16 St. Iwo anati kuti ngati kuvomerezedwa ndi tizilomboto-dziko si analetsa ntchito ya asilikali.

Kellogg-Briand ke anapangitsa kusakhutira kwambiri pakati UK boma. Iwo akanati sanalole kuti alowererepo pang'ono wina mu bwalo la zofuna zake dziko. Choncho, boma la Britain pasadakhale zosungika ufulu wawo kuchita ntchito asilikali m'madera zofunika kwambiri dziko.

England anali mwamphamvu akutsutsana ndi chakuti nawo kusaina boma, sanalandire mpaka kuvomereza tsopano konsekonse. Choyamba, zinali Land yamphongo ya Soviet Union, monga chaka pamaso maunansi awo zamtendere anali yodulidwa. N'chifukwa chake Britain ankatsutsa Soviet Union anasaina Kellogg-Briand ke. History of Russia ndipo kenako Soviet Union, kwambiri umboni wa mfundo yakuti mayiko ambiri European a mnansi wake wakumpoto ndi mantha ndi udani.

Kusintha mgwirizano

Posachedwapa, boma la France anapereka Baibulo latsopano chifukwa cha polojekiti. Tsopano Kellogg-Briand ke mu 1928 anapatsa ufulu adziteteze kwa States, koma mkati mwa chimango cha mapangano alipo. Atsogoleri a Italy ndi Japan analandira Baibulo loyambirira la chikalata ichi ndi kutengedwa monga chionongeko chomaliza cha kuthekera inayamba nkhondo.

Patatha mwezi umodzi, Mlembi US wa State lofalitsidwa asilikali ake kusinthidwa natumiza kwa maboma a m'mayiko 14. , Iye anatchula kukana nkhawa asilikali kanthu kokha mgwirizano pakati pa mphamvu zimene zinasaina pangano. M'mayiko ena onse sizinachitike n'komwe. m'makalata akazembe zokhudza kumasulira mawu monga "nkhondo ndi oletsedwa," zinatha kwa mwezi umodzi.

Pomaliza, Kellogg-Briand ke August 27, 1928 wakhala potsiriza ovomerezeka komanso Mukalowa mu Paris pa limati malangizo 15. mndandanda chikuphatikizapo US, Canada, South Africa, Germany, France, Belgium, Australia, Ireland, Italy, Czech Republic, United Kingdom, New Zealand, India, Poland ndi Japan.

Kodi anali mu mgwirizano

Nkhani yokha aumbike kwa oyamba ndi nkhani ziwiri zazikulu. The poyamba kuti chipani anawadzudzula ntchito ya nkhondo kuthana mikangano zosiyanasiyana mayiko kwambiri kukana iwo ngati chida kwa Kukhazikitsa ndondomeko anthu. Mu Nkhani yachiwiri pa magulu onse kuzindikira kuti chigamulocho nkhondo mayiko ndi mikangano amachita yekha kudzera mtendere.

mipata

Kuwonjezera 15 limati kale anasaina pangano, ndi Kellogg-Briand ke mu 1928 anapereka ufulu kumvera monga theka-atsamunda ndi maiko yozungulira. August 27 The United States anatumiza 48 States kuchita nawo zokambirana ndi, kuti akhazikitse mgwirizano.

The USSR anali woyamba wa mndandanda wa invitees zina, lomwe linalowa nawo m'Pangano mgwilizano lonse. Mu February 1929 ndi protocol imene Soviet Union, Estonia, Latvia ndi Romania, ndipo kenako Iran, Lithuania ndi Turkey anavomerezedwa mu Moscow analengeza kuti iwo adzalowa mu mphamvu pa Kellogg-Briand ke. Mayiko ena, mgwirizano wa adzalowa mu mphamvu pa 24 July, ndiko kuti, miyezi sikisi.

kufunika

Choyamba, panganoli lathandiza kupeza limati wamba monga Germany ndi France. Pamene Chancellor German Gustav Stresemann anabwera Paris kusaina Kellogg-Briand ke, izo kunayambitsa funso wa wotanganidwa nthawi ya Rhineland. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti gawo kale ndiyakuti Locarno panganoli, koma zinali zochepa Nkhani ya m'buku la Pangano la Versailles. Mu chikalata yamasika inanena kuti ntchito unali woti mpaka 1935. Malinga Chancellor, kutachitika ratification a panganolo pamaso pa asilikali achilendo pa gawo German kuti zosamveka. Choncho, pa nthawi ya msonkhano Hague , anaganiza pa achire wa anagwirizana mphamvu kuchokera Rhineland.

Tikumbukenso kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa Kellogg-Briand pangano linali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu chikhalidwe ndi makhalidwe abwino, komanso zinathandiza kuti yapadera kwambiri za ufulu Interstate. Koma, koma, chikalata ichi anali declarative yekha, anavala ofunda. Kusaina pangano, dziko alibe analimbitsa kudzipereka kwawo kukana nkhondo ndi sanasankhe a mtundu manja. Zosungitsa Britain ndi France sanali anakonza mgwirizano ndi zoona dziko wasunga bwino kumenya nkhondo adziteteze.