Mbiri ya zaka chikwi za shuga, mankhwala omwe sitingachite popanda

Phindu lopanda malire kapena mavuto osatsutsika a shuga m'thupi la anthu akhala akukangana ndi asayansi. Amanena kuti mankhwalawa ndi oopsa kwambiri, ndipo amati amatha kupweteka kwa matenda onse (mwa njira, monga mankhwala omwe anayambanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito). Icho-chokoma chokoma, ndiye-imfa yoyera. Koma sitidzafulumira, chifukwa masiku ano sitingayambe kulankhula. Kodi mbiri ya shuga ndi zotani zomwe tikufunikira? Pafupi ndi pamene anaonekera, fufuzani kuchokera m'nkhaniyi.

Mbiri ya zaka chikwi za shuga mu zithunzi

Ngakhale ku India wakale zaka zoposa 5000 zapitazo, adaphunzira kuchotsa ku nzimbe. Ankhondo a ku Macedon, ataloŵa m'dziko la India, adalankhula za chinthu chosadziwika, cholimba, mofanana ndi makina aang'ono, kukoma kokoma. Anali shuga wofiira, woyamba wofotokozedwa, umene mbiri ya shuga inayamba. Onesicrit, wolemba mbiri wachigiriki yemwe anatsagana ndi tsar m'makampu, anachita chidwi ndi kuti uchi amapereka ndodo, popanda thandizo la njuchi, monga momwe adanenera mu lipoti lake.

Ku India, makristu okoma, omwe amapezeka kuchokera ku madzi a mchere, amatchedwa "saccara" (monga mchenga kapena miyala). Mzu wa mawuwo ndipo adalowa m'zinenero zambiri za dziko lapansili. Pambuyo pake, tawonani, paliponse shuga ndi zosiyana zosiyana zimatchedwa pafupifupi chimodzimodzi! Iyi ndi mbiri ya shuga, monga mawu.

Chiyambi cha mabango

Chomera ichi chinakula, mwinamwake, ngakhale pansi pa kachitidwe kakang'ono, kuyambira nthawi zamakedzana. Malingana ndi sayansi yamakono, malo amalo obadwira popanga shuga ndi New Guinea. Komanso, anafika pang'onopang'ono kuzilumbazi, akupita ku India ndi ku China, kumene ankadziŵanso ndi kumalima. M'mayiko achiarabu, adachokera ku India, ndipo kale asanakhalepo iye adali wamkulu kuti apeze kristalo woyera wamatsenga. A Persia ndiwo oyamba kuphunzira momwe angapangire shuga wofiira woyengedwa ndi kubwereza mobwerezabwereza mankhwala. Anthu a ku Ulaya amadziwa chomeracho ndi chochokera kwake - shuga - kuchokera ku Arabiya omwewo ndipo amamanga minda ya bango ku Madeira ndi Canary Islands. Icho chinali chopindulitsa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku England, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1400, pounds la zakudya zinapatsidwa makilogalamu 44 a ndalama.

Makilomita ndi shuga

Zaka zoposa zikwi ziwiri zapitazo Aperisi anayamba kutumiza shuga ku Arabia, Egypt ndi Mediterranean. Malinga ndi Pliny, m'masiku amenewo, shuga imapangidwa ngati mtundu woyera (kukula kwa mtedza) ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu mankhwala. Zowonongeka, zopangidwazo zinali zosavuta kunyamula kwautali wautali. Amayamba kubweretsa makampani kudzera ku Central Asia, kenako kupita ku madoko a Mediterranean ndi kuchokera kumeneko kupita ku Greece ndi Rome.

Zaka zapakati pazaka zapitazi

Mbiri ya shuga mu "zaka zamdima" Zamkatikati: mankhwalawa ankawoneka ngati mankhwala ndipo anagulitsidwa makamaka m'masitolo. Komabe, akatswiri ena olemba mbiri amanena kuti ochiritsa amachitanso zambiri ngati ogulitsa masitolo, kugulitsa anthu okoma ndi anthu otaunikira. Christian Europe imapeputsa mankhwalawa, omwe pang'onopang'ono akuyamba kufalikira mu milandu yachifumu ndi zokonzedwa. Zimakhulupirira kuti Okhulupirira Chikatolika anathandiza kwambiri pakufalitsa shuga ku Ulaya. Ndi iwo omwe nthawi yoyamba ankatsegula minda ya Arabiya ya nzimbe ku Palestina, Syria kwa Azungu. Chifukwa cha kutenga nawo mbali, ndodoyo imakhazikika kum'mwera kwa Italy ndi France.

M'zaka za zana la 15, Venice imapanga zipangizo kuchokera ku malonda ndi India. Msuzi woyeretsa umawoneka bwino ndikuyenda ulendo wopita ku Ulaya. Likulu lina lachiPutukezi la malonda ndi kukonza ndi Portugal Lisbon.

Kugonjetsa kwa America ndi Ulaya

Kuwombera kwakukulu mu mbiri ya "shuga" - kugonjetsa kwa New World. Columbus ku Santo Domingo idabzala bango lachonde kuti apange zakudya zokoma. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 16, pali mafakitale oposa makumi awiri omwe akupanga shuga wofiira ndikuwusintha. Cortes imabweretsa nzimbe ku Mexico, ndipo minda ya ku Mexican imakhalanso yambiri. Zakudya zokoma zimagonjetsa Brazil, Peru, mayiko ena, omwe amakhalanso ndi minda ya shuga. Ku Ulaya, nkhaniyi ndi yochepa chabe. Pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pake, France ndi Portugal, Italy ndi Spain zikugwirizana ndi bungwe la minda.

Ulendo wapadziko lonse

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 ulendo woyambirira wa padziko lonse wa shuga unachitika! Izo zinatenga zaka zikwi zingapo. Kuyambira kuzilumba za Pacific, shuga wagonjetsa makontinenti onse, tsopano ndi mankhwala apadziko lonse mwa kulondola.

Mbiri ya shuga ku Russia

Chida choyamba chikufika ku Russia nthawi zina m'zaka za zana la 12, koma poyamba sichizika mizu, sikofunika, monga akunenera, patebulo. Zogulitsa zakunja zimaonekera pa tebulo lachifumu m'zaka za zana la 16, chifukwa cha kayendetsedwe ka malonda a m'nyanja kudzera ku Arkhangelsk. Mbiri yeniyeni ya shuga ku Russia imayamba pakati pa zaka za zana la 17 (nthawi imodzimodzi mu mafashoni - tiyi ndi khofi). Zakudya zotsekemera zimaphatikizapo zogula kuchokera kunja, koma ngakhale apo zimakhalabe zosatheka komanso zokwera mtengo.

Tsar Petro amayesera kuthetsa vutoli powakamiza mmodzi wa amalonda kuti atsegule ndi kusunga chomera cha shuga payekha ndalama zake (ngakhale lamulo linaperekedwa pa nkhaniyi). Kwa kanthawi, tanthauzo la shuga limaima, m'malo mwa kubzala kwathunthu. Koma kuyendetsa kwa chiwerengero kukupitiriza kuwonjezeka, ndipo kale muzaka za zana la 18, opanga akugwedeza ubongo wawo kufunafuna maziko atsopano. Chokondedwa chinaperekedwa kwa beets, monga mankhwala opangidwa ndi shuga. Mbewu izi zimapindula bwino ndi bango loperekedwa mmunda wa kupanga. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, shuga wotumizidwa kuchokera kudziko lina atha kukhala m'malo mwa shuga wamkati. Iyi ndi mbiri ya shuga - kwa ana kapena akulu, chimodzimodzi - chinthu chachikulu ndikuti kukoma kwake n'kofunika ndi kofunikira kwa anthu onse, popanda zomwe zili zovuta kuti tichite!