Mbiri yakale ya Greece: chiwerengero cha anthu a ndondomekoyi. Ndondomeko ya Chigiriki monga chikhalidwe chadziko ndi ndale

Greece yakale yakhala ikudabwitsa ngakhale malingaliro a anthu akudziko, osatchula olemba mbiri asayansi a nthawi yathu ino. Chitukuko chawo, chomwe chimachokera kwa asodzi ochepa ndi abusa, posakhalitsa chinakhala chimodzi mwa mphamvu kwambiri mu Dziko Lakale. Agiriki anali kulemekezedwa monga apolisi odziwika bwino (ndi achinyengo kwambiri), okwera panyanja komanso ankhondo.

Iwo anafika pamtunda waukulu kwambiri: zida zawo zina sizowonongeka ndi mawotchi opanga mawonekedwe a m'zaka za zana la 19 mu zovuta. Agiriki ankadziŵa mphamvu ya nthunzi, ndipo amapanga mafano oyambirira a injini zamadzimadzi.

Komabe, zonsezi ndi zina zambiri zomwe zingakwaniritsidwe sizikanatheka popanda kusintha kachitidwe ka boma komwe kungapereke maphunziro kwa nzika zake, kuwateteza kwa adani. Popeza kuti "ndodo" yaikulu ya chitukuko cha Chigiriki chakale inali ndondomeko, chodabwitsa ichi chiyenera kukambidwa mosiyana.

Kodi lamulo lakale lachi Greek ndi chiyani?

Ndipotu, mzinda unkatchedwa polis. Koma pano tikuyenera kupanga kufotokoza kofunikira: m'zaka zimenezo, mizinda nthawi zambiri inali yapadera. Ufumu womwewo wa Foinike unali, m'mawu amasiku ano, mgwirizano wopangidwa ndi mayiko omwe angathe kuchoka pa nthawi iliyonse. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, anthu ambiri a ndondomekoyi anali okhudzidwa ndi ndale: munthu aliyense womasuka anaganiza kuti ndi udindo wake kutenga nawo mbali pazotsatila, pakupanga zofunikira za boma.

Zonsezi zimabweretsa mikangano yowopsya komanso kumenyana m'misewu, zomwe zinachititsa kuti anthu a m'nthawi ya Agiriki akhale "okangana ndi okweza". Choncho, lamuloli liyenera kuonedwa kuti ndilopadera, lapadera lapadera. Gawo la maphunziro amenewa linali lokha, osati kumangidwe a mzindawo okha, komanso m'mayiko omwe anthu ambiri omwe amatsatira malamulowa amateteza ndi kulimbikitsa.

Kodi midzi yamzinda inayamba bwanji?

Ndondomekoyi ndi yapadera kwambiri chifukwa idasinthika m'mbiri yakale, pakusintha kuchoka ku mabanja ndi ma communal to "protostates" yoyamba. Pazaka zoyambirirazo, anthu anayamba kupanga luso labwino : Anthu anzeru amakonda kukhala akatswiri amisiri ndi kugulitsa zotsatira za ntchito yawo, komanso osapereka phindu lomwe adalenga. Panali amalonda omwe ankadziwa kugulitsa ntchito kwa mafuko ena, "asilikali" omwe ankateteza anthu omwewo ndi amalonda awo onse omwe anali "otsogolera" omwe anali osiyana kwambiri.

Kawirikawiri, pafupifupi mizinda yonse ya mzinda wa Girisi wakale inali ndi gulu labwino, choncho, ngati kuli koyenera, akhoza kudziyimira okha.

Inde, anthu onsewa amakonda kukhala osadziwika. Mizinda ikuluikulu inayamba kutuluka ndikukula mofulumira. Chifukwa chakuti ojambula ndi eni nthaka ankakhala m'makoma awo, amalonda ndi asilikali, asayansi ndi ndale, anali odzidalira okha. Kotero panali malamulo.

Koma kodi chikhalidwe chodabwitsa chotere (ndi miyambo yamakono) "mizinda" chinali chiyani? Chodabwitsa, ambiri mwa anthu a chi Greek-style polis ankayimiridwa ndi anthu afulu, nzika. Anapanga nawo mbali pakupanga zonse zofunika (abusa, agrarians, akatswiri), komanso kuteteza nthaka yawo. Gulu la asilikali linateteza mizinda kuopseza koopsa, pamene adani ankasewera poteteza makoma a ndondomeko, anthu okhawo anasiya.

Zotsatira zachuma

Chitsimikizo cha umoyo wa zachuma chinali wapadera, wokhala ndi malo omwe kale anali nawo. Chidziwikiritso chake ndichiwiri cha mawonekedwe. Kumbali imodzi, dzikolo linali lopanda malire ndi boma, koma panthawi yomweyi ufulu wa eni akewo sunatsutsane mwanjira ina iliyonse. Zofunika! Ufulu woti alandire gawo lake unali mwini yekha (!) Nzika za ndondomekoyi ndi ufulu wakubadwa, yemwe kale anali mfulu. Motero, mzindawo-azandale a ku Greece wakale anathandizira kuti dziko lawo likhale lokonda dziko lawo, komanso kulepheretsa alendo kuti asokoneze nkhani za mkati mwa boma.

Ndiyani winanso amene amakhala mu ndondomekoyi?

Monga tanena kale, ufulu wonse ukhoza kukhala nawo osati munthu wodzisankhira, koma kukhala ndi nzika ya polis pobadwa. Kuphatikiza pa nzika "zokhutira kwathunthu," mu ndondomekoyi ankakhala ndi metacs, pereeks, omasulidwa. Iwo anali omasuka kwathunthu, akanakhoza kugwira nawo ntchito iliyonse, koma analibe ufulu wovota, sakanakhoza kukhala ndi maudindo audindo. Monga lamulo, iwo ankachita malonda pang'ono ndi malonda.

Akapolo ndi gawo limodzi la magawo atatu a ndondomekoyi. Iwo analibe ufulu konse, sakanakhoza kukhala ndi katundu. Chilichonse chimene kapolo anapanga kapena kuchipeza chinali cha mbuye wake. Makamaka, ukapolo uwu wa Chigriki ndi wa Roma unali wosiyana ndi lingaliro lomwelo ku Foenic omwewo, omwe munthu wopanda mfulu akadathabe kukhala ndi malo ena.

Kusiyanitsa kwa gulu mogwirizana ndi chitsanzo cha Athens

Ku Athens, chitsanzo cha ma Greek polis, chokhazikitsidwa momveka bwino ndi anthu onse okhalamo, chinatchulidwa makamaka. Monga tidziwa kale, anthu aufulu adagawidwa kukhala nzika komanso metacs.

Nzika zikhoza kukhala ndi makolo onse awiri omwe anali Atene. Iwo anali nawo ufulu wandale wandale. Kukhala nzika ya Atene kunapereka ufulu ku zopindulitsa zonse za boma. Kuyambira ali ndi zaka 18 anthuwa ankaonedwa kuti ndi oyenerera kulowa usilikali, ndipo mpaka a zaka 20 anyamata onse adakakamizidwa kuphunzira usilikali. Chifukwa cha ichi mbiri yakale ya ku Greece sidziwa nthawi imene Agiriki adapereka kwa adani popanda nkhondo.

Metekami anali anthu omwe ankakhala ku Athens kwa nthawi yaitali. Nthawi zambiri anthuwa ndi ochokera kuzinthu zina. Iwo sankangokhala ndi ufulu wokha, koma sakanakhoza ngakhale kupeza malonda mu mzinda. Nzika ndi ma metac sankatha kulowa m'banja, ndipo ana kuchokera ku ukapolo ankaonedwa ngati osakwatira. Mithakiti iliyonse iyenera kuti inali ndi mkhalapakati, prostate, yomwe idayenera kuyankhulana ndi boma.

Choncho, ambiri mwa anthu a ndondomekoyi ndi demos, ndiko kuti, anthu omasuka. Izi zinasintha kokha zaka zapitazi za kukhalapo kwa boma, pamene akapolo m'mizinda yambiri adakhala chikhalidwe chachikulu.

Anthuwa, mwazinthu zina, anali ndi misonkho yambiri, yomwe nthawi zambiri inkapita ku zosowa za usilikali. Kuphatikiza apo, iwo ankafunika kuti azichita nawo usilikali. Ufuluwu unali wofanana nawo, iwo analipira msonkho womwewo. Ndondomeko yandale ya ndondomeko ya chi Greek inalepheretsa mwachangu anthu oterewa kuti asamalamulire boma, chifukwa akhoza kuvulaza boma.

Akapolo anali payekha komanso pagulu. Otsatirawo akhoza kukhala oyang'anira, kukhala mbali ya apolisi, kupha anthu komanso alembi. Akapolo okhaokha ankakhala mosiyana ndi eni awo. Mwa njira zambiri, chisonyezero chokha cha mkhalidwe wawo chinali obrok, chomwe iwo analipira kwa mbuye wawo. Wundende wa nkhondo, mwana wa kapolo, mwamuna wogulidwa kuti apite kudziko lina akhoza kulowa mu ukapolo. Pansi pa Solon, ukapolo wautali unathetsedwa, umene unagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama ku Athens. Monga tanena kale, sipangakhale chuma chilichonse pakati pa akapolo. Koma izi sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa akapolo a boma, omwe angakhale ndi chinachake cha iwo.

Umboni wa anthu awa m'khothi unali wovomerezeka, koma pokhapokha ngati atapatsidwa udindo kwa Ambuye. Anatha kupha kapolo wake nthawi iliyonse, ndipo izi sizinali zachiwawa. Pakuti kuphedwa kwa "katundu" wa munthu wina kunali koyenera.

Kodi lamuloli linapereka chiyani kwa nzika zake?

Pa nthawi zovutayi, ndondomekoyi inayamba kupereka nzika zake pansi, pofuna kutsimikizira kuti ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi akapolo. Mzinda, ndiko kuti, boma, uyenera kusamalira kusunga umoyo wabwino wa anthu onse okhalamo. Mwachidule, malamulowa adayambitsa ndondomeko yachilendo - kukulitsa ndi kulamulira, popeza nzika zinkafuna malo atsopano. Pogwira ntchito za boma ndi usilikali, adakhazikitsidwa malipiro, omwe anapangidwa kuchokera ku ndalama zomwe analandira monga misonkho ndi mfuti.

Kawirikawiri, mbiri yakale ya Girisi pankhaniyi inali yosiyana ndi nthawi yomweyi m'mayiko ena.

Zenizeni za utumiki wa usilikali

Nzika iliyonse ya pakati pa zaka 17 ndi 60 inkayesedwa ngati yoweruza (onani pamwambapa). Anthu olemera anapanga mahatchi ndipo analowa m'gulu la hoplites. Zonsezi zinali zosavuta kumenyana ndi anyamata, ndipo nthawi zina, asilikali okwera pamahatchi. Chodziwika bwino cha chiyanjano pakati pa ndondomekoyi chinali chakuti utumiki usilikali ndi asilikali sizinali zolemekezeka zokha, komanso zofunika. Nzika zinkakonda kwambiri, chifukwa zimamvetsetsa bwino kuti palibe pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha pokhapokha pazofunika zawo, kuti moyo wawo, komanso moyo wa banja lawo ndi okondedwa wawo, umadalira kwambiri moyo wawo ndi chitetezo chawo.

Zapadera zandale

Ngakhale kuti panali mizinda yambiri, ndale yawo inali yofanana. Mulimonsemo, panali malamulo ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Motero, mizinda yonse ya ku Greece inali ndi mabungwe otsatirawa:

• Msonkhano wa Anthu (Apella, ecclesia).
• Msonkhano wa akuluakulu akuluakulu, "mamembala a ulemu" (Gerusia, Areopagus, Senate).
• Atsogoleri osankhidwa okha (oweruza).

People's Assembly - mawonekedwe ambiri a demokarasi a moyo wandale wa anthu a nthawi imeneyo - anali mu ndondomeko iliyonse. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa bungwe lotsogolera lino kuti ufulu wa nzika iliyonse yakukalamba kutenga nawo gawo muzochitika za boma zinachitika bwino.

Komabe, sitiyenera kuganiza kuti mtendere ndi mgwirizano unkalamulira mkati mwa ndondomekoyi. Kusiyana kosiyana pakati pa anthu kumakhala nkhondo yandale yandale, kuonetsetsa kuti iwowo ndi oimira awo akhale osakwanira m'misonkhano yambiri kuti athe kusankha anthu awo kumalo okwezeka. Mzinda wakale wa Greece ukhoza kukhala oligarchic (Sparta), kapena demokarase (Athens).

Kusiyana ndi nthawi zonse zomwe zimawongosoledwa ndi zovuta zokhazokha: pakhoza kukhala eni eni eni ambiri mu polis-agrarians kapena akatswiri ndi amalonda. Zowonjezereka mu chiwonetsero cha chiwerengero chinali ichi kapena kuti chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe, cholemera kwambiri chinali lingaliro la oimira ake pamisonkhano. Choncho, Korinto inali ndondomeko ya zamalonda, pamene Sparta inali yokhudza zaulimi. Inde, iwo anali amalonda omwe anatsimikiza za chitukuko cha Greece wakale: Athens, mosiyana ndi Sparta, nthawizonse inali pakatikati pa moyo wa ndale wa nthawi imeneyo, nthawi zonse kuvulaza ndi kulepheretsa chitukuko cha mpikisano wake wa nkhondo.

Kusokonekera kwa chikhalidwe ndi ndale

Pamene chiwerengero cha akapolo chikuwonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwambiri pa ntchito za ukapolo, midzi yachiGriki ikukhala imodzi mwa mitundu yokhala ndi akapolo okha. Chotsatira chake, alimi ambiri omwe ali payekha amangowonongeka, sangathe kulekerera mpikisano ndi ntchito ya ukapolo yaulere. Mtundu wakale wa katundu uli pafupi kwambiri ndi kuwonongedwa kwathunthu, ndondomeko zikulowa panthawi yamavuto. Ngakhale kuti mizinda yambiri idakhala ndi maluwa kuzungulira zaka za m'ma 5 BC BC, zaka 100 zokha zinayamba kuchepa ndipo zidalowa mu ukapolo ndi kulamulira.

Kotero, magawo akulu a chitukuko cha ku Girisi wakale sichisiyana ndi chinthu china chachilendo: kuchoka ku chikhalidwe choyambirira kwa mtundu wa anthu, Agiriki potsirizira pake adadza ku chitsanzo cha gulu la akapolo ogwira ntchito. Kawirikawiri, izi ndi zomwe zinayambitsa kufooka kwa dziko lawo.

Malamulo a Chinjoka

Chimodzi mwa maumboni a zomwe zinachitika ndi "Malamulo a Chigawenga". Zikuwoneka kuti linali ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha nkhanza za malamulo omwe anaphatikizapo. Komabe, mpaka pano, maina awo okha ndi omwe adatsika. Zimadziwika kuti chinjoka chinayambitsa izi:

• Anthu onse okhala mumzindawo omwe akanatha kutenga zida komanso ankatha kulanda zida ankalandira ufulu wandale komanso ufulu wa anthu.
• Ansembe asanu ndi atatu anatumizidwa.
• Kuyambira pano, Bungwe la Nzika linasankhidwa ndi maere, likhoza kukhala nzika 401.
• Chikhalidwe cha abambo achibadwidwe chinasungidwa kwathunthu.
• Nzika iliyonse ya ngongole yochokera tsopano ikhoza kukhala kapolo.
• Aliyense ali ndi ufulu wakupha magazi.
• Anakhazikitsidwa ntchito yothandizira Cosmas ndi Ephebes.
• Chiwerengero chokwanira cha katundu chinakhazikitsidwa panthawi yovomerezeka ku boma.

Zizindikiro izi za ndondomeko ya chi Greek zinasungidwa mu dziko losasinthika kwa zaka zonse zotsatira.

Malamulo a Solon

Zisanayambe kusintha kwa Solon, kutsutsana kwapakati kunayamba kudziwonetsa mowonjezereka m'deralo. M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri Yesu asanakhalepo, zonsezi zimatsogolera kulankhula momasuka kwa olemekezeka. Kuphatikizanso, amitundu achifumu omwe adagonjetsa amithenga ndi amaluso omwe anali atasowa mwa anthu. Iwo ankayembekezera kuti "abwezeretse" abusa, omwe adalepheretsa kuti chitukuko cha ku Greece chikhale chitukuko.

Kotero mu 594 BC Solon anasankhidwa mtsogoleri wamkulu. Anayesetsa kuletsa mavuto aakulu pakati pa anthu onse, choncho adasungira ena mwaufulu mwayi wawo. Mwachidziwikiratu, zenizeni za malamulo a Chigriki makamaka zinapangidwa mwachindunji ponena kuti utsogoleri wa mumzindawu umayesayesa kuganizira zofuna za magulu onse ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Kusintha kwakukulu

Choyamba, Solon "akukonzanso" ngongole za anthu omwe adagwidwa ukapolo chifukwa cha izi. Ngongole zonse zinathetsedwa kwathunthu. Mwalamulo, izo zinaletsedwa kupereka ngongole zotetezedwa ndi yemwe ali wobwereka. Akapolo omwe anagulitsidwa kunja kwa dziko lawo anabwerera kwawo, anapatsidwa ufulu wa anthu.

Solon anagawa nzika zonse m'magulu anayi. Amembala okha a atatu oyambirira (awa ndiwo mbali yaikulu ya chikhalidwe cha dziko lakale la Greece) adaloledwa kulamulira boma, anthu okhawo oyamba kukhala amtundu angakhale ambuye ndi a Areopagi. Anthu onse omwe ali m'gulu lachinayi anali ndi ufulu wokha kuvota mu msonkhano wa anthu.

Kuonjezera apo, monga momwe zinalili ndi chinjoka, "Bungwe la mazana anai" linasankhidwa, koma anthu okha ochokera m'magulu atatu oyambirira angathe kulowa mmalo mwake, mofanana ndi chikhalidwe chilichonse. Khoti la milandu linakhazikitsidwa, ndipo nzika zonse zikhoza kukhala zikuluzikulu, mosasamala kanthu za udindo wawo.

Pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu, zonse zatsopano za Solon zinasungidwa mokwanira, ndipo kenako zinasinthidwa pang'ono.

Kusintha kwa Cleisthenes

Cleisthenes anathandizira olemekezeka pakutsutsana kwake ndi ulamuliro woopsa wa olamulira. Mfumu yawo, Hypius, pamapeto pake inathamangitsidwa, mphamvu yachiwawa inathetsedwa, ndipo boma linapatsidwa udindo wa Cleisthenes. Pakufika kwake, makhalidwe a chi Greek adasintha kwambiri.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lachisanu BC, izo akuchita kusintha Cholinga chake ndi kuthetsa mtheradi wa zotsala za dongosolo la fuko. Iwo Cleisthenes anathetsa kugawikana kwa nzika m'magulu anayi ndi kulowa zosiyanasiyana malo. Okwana panali magulu khumi (phyla). Aliyense wa iwo sanali ofanana Kupititsa chilli, ndipo nthawizonse inkakhala ena atatu: gawo limodzi la mzinda, gawo limodzi mwa madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, magawo atatu a m'mayiko lamkati la boma. Choncho bwino limapezeka 2/3 ndi 1/3 ya nzika za alimi akumidzi. Tritium analamulira demarhi. Choncho kusintha makhalidwe a polis Greek.

M'malo "Bungwe la zinayi" anadziwana ndi "Bungwe la faifi handiredi", umene unali ndi anthu 50 ochokera lililonse phylum. Archons anali anathetsa, malo awo anatengedwa ndi strategists bolodi. Chofunikira kwa kalasi posts pamwamba boma anali zinasungidwa kwathunthu. Iwo Cleisthenes anadzakhala kholo la oletsedwa, "shards wa Court." Patapita ake, nzika iliyonse amene anthu ankaona kuti ndi owopsa kwa mzinda, kodi kuchotsedwa malamulo kwa nthawi ya zaka khumi.

Tikukhulupirira kuti nkhani mukudziwa, kodi zambiri za ndondomeko ya anthu, kodi udindo wa mizinda yakale mu mbiri ya World Ancient.