Anthu achikulire Achirasha: kutanthauzira, mapangidwe ndi zofunikira za mbiri yakale

Kodi anthu akale a ku Russia anapanga bwanji? Kukula kwa mgwirizano wamakono kumachitika pamene kusinthika kwa mgwirizano wa mafuko kumadera akuluakulu, ndiko kuti, mayanjano osiyana a boma. Kuchokera pa njirayi kumayamba mbiri ya Kievan Rus. Mapangidwe a dziko lakale la Russia ndi mapangidwe a anthu akale a ku Russia ndi njira zogwirizanirana.

Kodi n'chiyani chinayambitsa maziko a Kievan Rus? Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zinapangitsa kuti anthu akale a ku Russia apangidwe?

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma

M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi, anthu a Asilavo anafika pamlingo pamene adafunika kukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa mikangano. Nkhondo zapachiŵeniŵeni zinadza chifukwa cha kusalinganika. Dziko ndilo lamulo lotha kuthetsa mikangano yambiri. Popanda izo, zochitika zakale ngatizo anthu akale a ku Russia sakanakhoza kukhalapo. Kuphatikizanso, mgwirizano wa mafuko unali wofunikira, chifukwa dzikoli ndilolimbitsa mphamvu kuposa zikuluzikulu zomwe sizigwirizana.

Chakumapeto kwa boma limene linagwirizanitsa Asilamu a Kum'maŵa, akatswiri a mbiri yakale akutsutsa lero. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, Ilmen Slovenes ndi mafuko a Finno-Ugric adayambitsa chidani chotero kuti atsogoleli am'deralo adaganiza zochita zovuta: kuitana odziwa bwino, makamaka ku Scandinavia.

Olamulira a Varangians

Malingana ndi mbiri, atsogoleri anzeru anatumiza uthenga kwa Ryurik ndi abale ake, akunena kuti dziko lawo ndi lolemera, lachonde, koma palibe mtendere pa iwo, mikangano yokha ndi mikangano. Olemba kalatayo anaitana anthu a ku Scandinavia kuti alamulire ndi kukhazikitsa dongosolo. Pachifukwa ichi, panalibe manyazi kwa olamulira a kumeneko. Alendo olemekezeka ankaitanidwa kutero.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Kievan Rus kunathandizira kuti mgwirizano wa mafuko onse a Asilavo a ku Eastern, omwe adakambidwe mndandandawu. A Belarusian, Russia ndi Ukrainians ndi mbadwa za anthu olamulira akuluakulu omwe ali ogwirizana m'boma lomwe lakhala la mphamvu kwambiri ku Middle Ages.

The Legend

Mzinda uwu unali likulu la mtundu wa Slavic wa glades. Kuwatsogolera kamodzi, malinga ndi nthano, Kiy. Anamuthandiza kuyang'anira Szczek ndi Horeb. Kiev anaima pamsewu wa misewu, pamalo abwino kwambiri. Kumeneko adasinthanitsa ndi kugula mbewu, zida, ziweto, zokongoletsera, nsalu. Patapita nthawi, Kiy, Horev ndi Shchek anawonekera kwinakwake. Asilavo amapereka msonkho kwa a Khazars. Anadutsa ndi Varangians anatenga "mudzi wopanda pokhala". Chiyambi cha Kiev chiri ndi zinsinsi. Koma kulengedwa kwa mzinda ndi chimodzi mwa zofunikira kuti apange anthu a ku Russia akale.

Komabe, Baibulo limene Shchek ndi amene anayambitsa Kiev limakayikira kwambiri. M'malo mwake, ndi nthano, mbali ya anthu ambiri.

N'chifukwa Chiyani Kiev?

Mzindawu unayambira pakati pa dera limene anthu a ku Slava a Kum'maŵa ankakhala. Malo a Kiev, monga tawatchula kale, ndi abwino kwambiri. Malo otsetsereka, nthaka yachonde ndi nkhalango zakuda. Mizindayi inali ndi zikhalidwe zonse zoweta ziweto, ulimi, kusaka, komanso chofunika kwambiri - kuteteza adani ku nkhondo.

Kodi ndi zochitika zakale ziti zomwe zimanena za kubadwa kwa Kievan Rus? Pomwe boma la East Slavic linayambika, choncho - komanso anthu akale a ku Russia, malinga ndi "Tale of Bygone Zaka." Pambuyo pa Rurik, yemwe adadzayitanitsa pakhomo la atsogoleri a boma, Novgorod anayamba kulamulira Oleg. Igor sakanatha kusamalira chifukwa cha msinkhu wake.

Oleg anatha kuika mphamvu pa Kiev ndi Novgorod.

Zambiri za mbiri yakale

Dziko lakale la Russia ndilo mtundu umene mafuko a East Slavic amagwirizana ndi kukhazikitsa dziko loyambirira. Tiyenera kunena mawu ochepa ponena za zomwe zabisika pansi pano.

Narodnost ndi chochitika cha mbiriyakale, choyimira makamaka pa nthawi yoyamba yamantha. Ndimudzi wa anthu omwe si a fuko. Koma iwo sali okhalamo mu boma, omwe ali ndi mgwirizano wolimba wachuma. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa fuko ndi fuko? Akatswiri a mbiriyakale samabwera pavomerezana. Pankhaniyi, zokambirana zikuchitikabe. Koma mosakayikira tinganene kuti dziko ndilo lomwe limagwirizanitsa anthu omwe ali ndi gawo limodzi, chikhalidwe, miyambo ndi miyambo.

Periodization

Nkhani ya nkhaniyi ndi anthu akale achirasha. Choncho, ndizofunikira kutsogolera nthawi yeniyeni ya chitukuko cha Kievan Rus:

1. Maonekedwe.
2. Maluwa.
3. Kusiyana kwa Feudal.

Nthawi yoyamba imatchula zaka zachisanu ndi chinayi mpaka khumi. Ndipo apo ndiye kuti mafuko a Aslawi akummawa anayamba kusandulika kukhala amodzi. Mosakayikira, kusiyana pakati pawo kunawonekera pang'onopang'ono. Chifukwa cha kulankhulana kwachangu ndi kugwirizana kwa zilankhulo zambiri, chinenero cha Chirasha chakale chinapangidwa. Chikhalidwe choyambirira ndi chikhalidwe chauzimu chinalengedwa.

Kutembenuka kwa mafuko

Amitundu a ku East Slavic ankakhala m'madera omwe anali pansi pa mphamvu imodzi. Kuwonjezera pa mikangano yowonjezereka yomwe inachitika pamapeto otsiriza a chitukuko cha Kievan Rus. Koma mgwirizano waphindu womwe unachititsa kuti zikhulupiliro ndi miyambo yamba ikhalepo.

Ukale wakale wa Russia ndi tanthawuzo lomwe silikutanthawuza chabe chikhalidwe chachuma, chinenero, chikhalidwe ndi gawo. Lingaliro limeneli limatanthauza chigawo chokhala ndi zikuluzikulu, koma zosagwirizanitsa - mafumu olamulira ndi anthu osauka.

Mapangidwe a anthu akale a ku Russia anali ndondomeko yaitali. Makhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu okhala m'madera osiyanasiyana a boma akhala akusungidwa. Kusiyanasiyana sikungathetsedwe, ngakhale kugwirizana. Pambuyo pake, izi zinapangitsa kuti dziko la Russian, Chiyukireniya ndi la Belarus likhazikitsidwe.

Lingaliro la "anthu akale a Chirasha" silikutaya kufunikira kwake, chifukwa dera lino ndilo limodzi mwa miyambo ya abale. Anthu okhala ku Russia, Ukraine ndi Byelorussia adatha zaka mazana ambiri akuzindikira kuti chikhalidwe, chiyankhulo ndiyandikana kwambiri. Zomwe mbiri yakale ya anthu akale a ku Russia ndizofunikira, mosasamala kanthu za mikhalidwe yandale komanso yachuma. Pofuna kutsimikiza izi, ndi bwino kuganizira zomwe zili m'dera lino, monga: chilankhulo, miyambo, chikhalidwe.

Mbiri ya Chilankhulo Chakale cha Chirasha

Amuna a mafuko a Kum'mawa a Asilavo amamvana wina ndi mnzake asanakhazikitsidwe Kievan Rus.

Chilankhulo chakale cha Chirasha ndikulankhula kwa anthu okhala mumtunda wa dzikoli kuyambira m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi kudza khumi ndi zinai. Kuyamba kwa kulembera kumathandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa chikhalidwe. Ngati, poyankhula za nthawi ya kubadwa kwa Chikale chakale cha Chirasha, akatswiri a mbiriyakale amachitcha kuti zaka zachisanu ndi chiwiri, ndiye kuti zikuoneka kuti zolemba zakale zoyambirira zikupezeka m'zaka za zana la khumi. Pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo za chi Cyrillic, kukula kwa kulemba kumayamba. Amawoneka otchedwa mbiri, zomwe ndi zofunikanso zolemba zambiri.

Mitundu yakale ya ku Russia inayamba kukula m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, koma pofika pa khumi ndi zinayi, chifukwa cha kugawidwa kwakukulu , kusintha kwa mawu a anthu okhala kumadzulo, kum'mwera, kum'mawa kwa Kievan Rus anayamba kuonedwa. Nthawi imeneyo zinenerozo zinkawonekera, kenako zinakhazikitsidwa m'zinenero zosiyana: Chirasha, Chiyukireniya, Chibelarusi.

Chikhalidwe

Kusinkhasinkha zomwe zimachitikira moyo wa anthu - molankhulidwe kamvekedwe. Kuchita zikondwerero za anthu a ku Russia, Ukraine ndi Belarus, ndipo lero pali zinthu zambiri zofanana. Kodi ndakatulo yamakono inayamba bwanji?

Oimba m'misewu, ojambula oimba komanso oimba akuyenda m'misewu ya boma la Russia. Onse a iwo anali ndi dzina lofanana - buffoons. Zolinga za wowerengeka zimapanga maziko a ntchito zambiri zolemba ndi zomangamanga zomwe zinapanga nthawi yambiri.

Chiwopsezo chowopsya chinapangidwa makamaka mu chikhalidwe choyambirira. Oimba a Folk adalimbikitsa mgwirizano wa Kievan Rus. Omwe amatsenga (mwachitsanzo, wolimba mtima Mikula Selyanovich) akuwonetsedwera kuntchito zolemera, zamphamvu ndi zodziimira. Ngakhale kuti msilikali uyu anali wamba.

Zojambulajambula za anthu zinkakhudza nthano ndi nthano zomwe zinapangidwa mu tchalitchi ndi malo a dziko. Ndipo chikoka ichi chikuwoneka mu chikhalidwe cha nthawi zamtsogolo. Chinthu chinanso chokhazikitsa ntchito zolemba kwa olemba a Kievan Rus anakhala malemba a usilikali.

Kukula kwachuma

Pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wakale wa Russia, oimira mafuko a Kum'mawa kwa Asilavo anayamba kusintha zipangizo zawo. Komabe, chuma chinasintha. M'makampani akuluakulu - ulimi - amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito miyendo, mapulaneti, mapepala, zibangili, mapulala a njinga.

Akatswiri amapanga patsogolo kwambiri pakupanga dziko lakale la Russia. Amisiriwa anaphunzira kuumitsa, kupukuta, kupukuta. Oimira mbumba yakale imeneyi anapangidwa pafupi ndi magawo zana ndi makumi asanu opangidwa ndi chitsulo. Malupanga a osula akale a ku Russia anali otchuka kwambiri. Chophika, kukonza mitengo kukuthandizanso. Zomwe anthu akale a ku Russia ankazidziwika zinali kutali kwambiri ndi dzikoli.

Mapangidwe a anthu adalimbikitsa chitukuko cha zamisiri ndi ulimi, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha malonda a malonda chiwonjezeke. Kievan Rus adapanga ubale wabwino ndi mayiko akunja. Kupyolera mu dziko lakale la Russia, njira ya malonda "kuchokera ku Varangians kupita ku Agiriki" inachitika.

Ubale wa Feudal

Mapangidwe a anthu akale a Chirasha anachitika panthawi ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa chikhalidwe. Kodi dongosolo lino la chiyanjano chinali chiyani? Olamulira amtendere, za nkhanza zomwe akatswiri a mbiri yakale a Soviet analankhula kwambiri, anali ndi mphamvu ndi chuma chamanja. Anagwiritsira ntchito ntchito ya amisiri ogwira ntchito m'midzi komanso anthu osauka. Kuchita zachiwawa kunathandiza kuti pakhale mgwirizano wovuta, womwe umadziŵika m'mbiri ya Middle Ages. Kazembe wamkulu wa Kiev adalimbikitsa ulamuliro wa boma.

Masewera a m'kalasi

Olima-okonda ankasamalira zigawo za mafumu amtendere. Amisiri amapereka msonkho. Ovuta kwambiri anali akapolo ndi antchito. Monga m'mayiko ena apakatikati, ku Kievan Rus kudutsa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito machitidwe ozungulirana kunayamba kwambiri. Choyamba chinachitika mu 994. Nkhani ya imfa ya Igor, yemwe pamodzi ndi gulu lake adaganiza kuti adzalandire msonkho kachiwiri, amadziwika ndi aliyense. Mkwiyo wa anthu - m'mbiri yakale, zochitika zoopsa, zokhudzana ndi kukakamiza mikangano, kukwiyitsa, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale nkhondo.

Kulimbana ndi anthu osadziŵa

Mafuko a Norman Scandinavia anapitirizabe kuukira ngakhale pamene mafuko a East Slavic anali kale amitundu. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, Kievan Rus adapanga nkhondo yolimbana ndi magulu a Khazar Khaganate. Anthu okhala m'dziko la Russia lakale molimba mtima anagonjetsa adani. Ndipo iwo sanayembekezere kuti wina adzaukiridwa kuchokera kwa mdani, ndipo, popanda kuganiza kawiri, adzayamba ulendo wawo. Asilikali achikulire a ku Russia nthawi zambiri ankapita ku mayiko a adani. Zochita zawo zaulemerero zimasonyezedwa mu annals, bylinas.

Chikunja

Mgwirizano wadziko unalimbikitsidwa kwambiri panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Vladimir Svyatoslavovich. Kievan Rus anapindula kwambiri, kunayambitsa nkhondo yapambano yotsutsana ndi zoopsa za akalonga a Lithuania ndi Polish.

Chikunja chinakhudza kwambiri mapangidwe a umodzi wa mafuko. Panali kusowa kwa chipembedzo chatsopano, chimene, ndithudi, chinali choti chikhale Chikristu. Askold anayamba kugawira dzikoli ku Russia. Koma Kiev anagonjetsa kalonga wa Novgorod ndipo sanawonongeke kale mipingo yachikristu yokhazikika.

Kuyamba kwa chikhulupiriro chatsopano

Vladimir anali ndi cholinga choyambitsa chipembedzo chatsopano. Komabe, panali ambiri omwe amawakonda achikunja ku Russia . Kulimbana nawo kunkachitika kwa zaka zambiri. Ngakhale kuti Chikristu chisanayambe, kuyesedwa kunapangidwa kuti atsitsimutse chipembedzo chachikunja. Mwachitsanzo, Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, mu 980 adavomereza kukhalapo kwa gulu la milungu lotsogoleredwa ndi Perun. Tinafunikira lingaliro, limodzi la dziko lonse. Ndipo likulu lake liyenera kukhala ku Kiev.

Chikunja, komabe, chatsopano. Choncho, Vladimir, atatha kusinkhasinkha kwa nthaŵi yaitali, anasankha Orthodoxy. Mu chisankho iye adatsogoleredwa, choyamba, ndi zothandiza.

Chisankho chovuta

Malingana ndi buku lina, kalongayo anamvetsera maganizo a ansembe angapo asanachite kusankha. Aliyense, monga mukudziwa, ali ndi choonadi chake. Dziko lachi Muslim linakopa Vladimir, koma mdulidwe wake unamuwopsyeza. Komanso, tebulo la ku Russia silingakhale wopanda nkhumba ndi vinyo. Chikhulupiriro cha Ayuda kwa kalonga sichinapangitse chidaliro konse. Chigiriki chinali chokongola, chochititsa chidwi. Ndipo zofuna za ndale potsirizira pake zinapanga chisankho cha Vladimir.

Chipembedzo, miyambo, chikhalidwe - zonsezi zimagwirizanitsa chiwerengero cha mayiko omwe kale mafuko adagwirizanitsa mu mgwirizano wakale wa Russian Russian. Ndipo ngakhale patapita zaka zambiri mgwirizano pakati pa anthu monga Russian, Chiyukireniya ndi Chibelarusi sungatheke.