Chuvash akuunikira Ivan Yakovlev: biography, chilengedwe komanso mfundo zochititsa chidwi

Mphunzitsi wa Chuvash Ivan Yakovlev anabadwa pa 25 April, 1848 mumzinda wosawoneka wa Koshki-Novotimbayevo, m'chigawo cha Simbirsk. Iye anali mwana wamasiye wosauka ndipo ali wamng'ono kwambiri iye anatsala wopanda makolo. Anthu a m'banja la Chuvash a Pakhomovs ochokera kumudzi womwewo analandira mwana wamasiye.

Zaka zoyambirira

Mnyamatayu anali ndi mwayi wopeza maphunziro, omwe m'tsogolomu sanamulole kuti ayambe ntchito, koma amaphunzitsanso anthu a Volga. Mu 1856, mnyamatayo anapita kukaphunzira kusukulu, kumudzi wapafupi wa chigawo cha Buinsky.

Ivan Yakovlev adapezekapo chifukwa cha lamulo loperekedwa ndi dipatimenti yoyang'anira maphunziro a anthu amasiye. Sukulu ya kumudzi inatsirizidwa mu 1860. Mmenemo, Ivan Yakovlev anakhala wophunzira wabwino kwambiri. Maluso achilengedwe ndi maluso amamulola kupita ku sukulu ya chigawo cha tawuni ya Simbirsk, ndiyeno kupita ku masewera olimbitsa thupi.

Chiyambi cha chikhalidwe cha Chuvash

Yakovlev anali mu kalasi ya ofufuza. Atamaliza sukulu ya sekondale, adagwira ntchitoyi kwa zaka zinayi ku ofesi ya Simbirsk. Pokhala munthu wa kumidzi, mnyamatayo Ivan Yakovlev adayenda osati zake zokha, komanso madera oyandikana nawo a Kazan ndi Samara. Ulendo sunadutse pachabe. Atafika m'mudzimo ndikudziŵa bwino anthu a m'dzikomo, wofufuzayo ankadziŵa bwino kwambiri moyo, chikhalidwe komanso moyo wa anthu a ku Volga, omwe anali a Russia, a Tatars, a Chuvashs ndi a Mordvins.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, achinyamata a dziko la Yakovlev ankakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro apamwamba a m'ma 1960. Zaka za m'ma 1900. Potsata mapanganowa, adafika pozindikira kuti chibadwidwe cha anthu a Chuvash anthu amafunikira kuunika, kuphunzira ndi chikhalidwe cha Chirasha, komanso maphunziro a kuŵerenga ndi kulemba. M'dera la Volga, mlingo umene umagawidwawo unali wochepa poyerekeza ndi likulu. Ivan Yakovlev ankakhulupirira kuti pofuna kusintha moyo wa anthu a Chuvash, sikunali koyenera kuti pakhale ndondomeko yamagazi komanso zosokoneza anthu. Zokwanira kuwunikira anthu ndikubwezeretsanso chikhalidwe chawo.

Mphunzitsi

Kuti akwaniritse dongosolo lake, Yakovlev anayamba kugwira ntchito monga mphunzitsi. Komabe, ntchitoyi sinali ntchito yake yaikulu. Ndalama kuchokera ku maphunziro aphunzitsi oyambirira anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusamalira sukulu yake yachinsinsi kwa ana a Chuvash.

Pa gawo loyambalo, mnzanga wamkulu ndi woyanjanitsika ndi wophunzira wake anali Aleksei Rekeev. Anagawana malingaliro ndi chiyembekezo chakuti Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev anakumanapo. Mbiri ya aphunzitsi inasonyeza kuti chikhumbo chawo chophunzitsa ana kuchokera kumadera akutali sichinali chizoloŵezi chochepa chabe cha achinyamata - iwo adapatulira miyoyo yawo ku cholinga ichi.

Othandizira

Akuluakulu a Yakovlev anali ndi Ilya Ulyanov - woyang'anira sukulu za dziko la Simbirsk ndi bambo a Vladimir Lenin. Thandizo lake linathandizira kuwonjezeka kwa sukulu ya mphunzitsi wamng'ono. Mu 1870, Ivan Yakovlev anamaliza maphunziro a masewera olimbitsa thupi, atalandira ndondomeko ya golidi. Pambuyo pake, adapitiliza maphunziro ake ku yunivesite ya Kazan. Alibe, Ilya Ulyanov anasamalira sukulu ya Chuvash . Woyang'anira sukulu za boma anatumiza mabuku a ophunzira, mabuku ofunika komanso ndalama, kuti athe kupeza mosavuta zapadera.

Ku yunivesite, Yakovlev anakumana ndi pulofesa ndi katswiri wamasewera, Nikolai Ilminsky. Kuwongolera kwake mwatsatanetsatane kunaloledwa kulemba zilembo zatsopano za Chuvash, zopangidwa pa maziko a zithunzi za Slavic. Kwakhala kofunika nthawi yaitali kuti muzisinthe. Chowonadi chinali chakuti zilembo zakale, pogwiritsa ntchito chinenero cha Turkic chakale cha Chibulgaria monga maziko, chinali chosatayika, ndipo chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi gawo laling'ono la anthu.

Kusindikiza kwa primer

Kuwoneka kwa chilembo chatsopano cha Chuvash sichinatenga nthawi yaitali. Bukhulo linafalitsidwa mu 1872. Nkhani zoyambirira zomwe analemba ndi Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev zinakhala zofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu a Volga. Mabuku akuwunikira mwamsanga anayamba kutchuka ndipo anakhala otchuka kwambiri. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, makope awiri oyambirira a zolembazo anafalitsidwa pa ndalama za aphunzitsi ake. Chisankho chosadzikonda cha Wowunikira sichinadabwitsa kwa iwo omwe adamudziwa bwino.

Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev adagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, nthawi komanso zinthu zina pofuna kuthandiza anthu ambiri. Zojambula za munthu uyu ndi zodabwitsa komanso zozizwitsa, chifukwa pamaso pake palibe amene anayesetsa kwambiri kuti athandize chikhalidwe cha Chuvash. Mu 70s Yakovlev anathandizidwa ndi unyamata wake ndi changu chachinyamata, chomwe adayambitsa ntchito iliyonse.

Woyang'anira Chuvash sukulu

Mu 1875, wophunzirayo anamaliza maphunziro a yunivesite ya Kazan, kulandila diploma ya Faculty History and Philology. Tsopano mwayi watsopano unatsegulidwa pamaso pake. Mnyamatayo adakhala woyang'anira omwe adawona chikhalidwe cha sukulu za Chuvash m'madera a Volga. Malo omwe ankakhalamo anali Simbirsk, komwe kudera la chigawo cha maphunziro kunali.

Panthawiyo ndiye kuti katswiri wamaphunziro a zaumulungu ndi wolemba mbiri anayamba kugwira ntchito mwakhama pamaphunziro ndi maphunziro. Anali ndi nkhawa zambiri, nkhawa komanso kukumana ndi akuluakulu a boma. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, nkhani yonse ya anthu a Ivan Yakovlev pankhani ya moyo wake inakopeka ndi omuthandiza ambiri. Iwo sanali chabe anthu achifundo. Ambiri a iwo anali akuluakulu a boma omwe anali ndi ndalama komanso mphamvu. Mwa njira zambiri, chifukwa cha iwo, Wowunikira anatha kukhala mtsogoleri wa sukulu ya Simbirsk Chuvash. Sukuluyi mwamsanga inasanduka chinthu chodabwitsa. Aphunzitsi a m'tsogolo adapeza mwayi wapadera ku sukulu, omwe adayamba kugwira ntchito m'masukulu aang'ono, ndikuthandiza ana a Chuvash kuchotsa kusadziwa kuwerenga. Kwa zaka makumi asanu akugwira ntchito, sukulu ya Simbirsk yatulutsa aphunzitsi zikwi zingapo. Dipatimenti yophunzitsa imeneyi yakhala chikhalidwe chofunika cha chikhalidwe cha Chuvash ndi kulemba.

Ntchito Zolemba

Kodi Ivan Yakovlev anachita chiyani makamaka? Mbiri ya aphunzitsi ndi chitsanzo cha munthu wolemba nthawi zonse. The Illuminator nthawi zonse ankafalitsa mabuku atsopano, mabuku, kutembenuzidwa luso, mankhwala, ulimi ndi mabuku ena m'chinenero cha Chuvash. Makamaka otchuka anali nkhani za Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev kwa ana. Iwo anafalitsidwa mwa mawonekedwe a zokopa ndi mabuku, omwe amagawidwa nthawi yomweyo pakati pa anthu. Kunyumba iliyonse ya Chuvash komwe analeredwa ana, mabuku awa anakhala desktop.

Malo osiyana akutengedwa ndi cholowa cha Yakovlev's epistolary. Wowunikira amafanana ndi akatswiri a maphunziro, asayansi, oimba, ojambula, atolankhani ndi ofalitsa. Kwa zaka makumi asanu iye analemba za makalata awiri zikwi ziwiri. Tsopano onsewa amaimira mbiri ndi chikhalidwe chamtengo wapatali. Chifukwa cha iwo, n'zotheka kubwezeretsanso chithunzi cha chigawo cha Volga kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20. Makalata ndi nkhani za Ivan Yakovlev zinalembedwa mobwerezabwereza ku Soviet komanso m'nthawi yamakono.

Mphunzitsi wa Chuvash

Mfundo yofunikira kwambiri ya aphunzitsi inali lingaliro lake kuti chikhalidwe cha Chuvash chiyenera kuphatikizana ndi Russian ndipo mosasamala kanthu kuti sichikutsutsana nacho. Yakovlev ankakhulupirira kuti zofuna za anthu a ufumu waukulu, ndipo kenako dziko lachikhalidweli silingatsutse. M'malo mwake, mafuko onse, mosasamala kanthu za kusiyana kwawo kwa fuko ndi chikhalidwe, ayenera kutenga njira yogwirizana ndi kulimbitsa mgwirizano pakati pawo.

Mfundo imeneyi ikuwonetsedwanso bwino ndi ntchito za aphunzitsi zokhudza maphunziro a anthu a Chuvash. Yakovlev ankakhulupirira kuti anthuwa adzalumikizana ndi Chikhristu, chifukwa chinali chipembedzo chimene chingakhale mgwirizano wofunika pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha ichi iye mwiniwake anamasulira m'Chivash chinenero china cha m'Baibulo, kuphatikizapo Psalter ndi Chipangano Chatsopano. Chifukwa cha ichi, Ivan Yakovlevich kamodzi adalenga zilembo zatsopano zochokera ku zilembo za Cyrillic. Kuwonjezera apo, iye ankakhulupirira kuti kunali kofunikira kudziwitsa anthu a Chirasha ndi ziphunzitso za Chuvash - moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, miyambo ndi miyambo. Wowunikira anapitiriza kuphunzitsa ndi kulemba mabuku mpaka kukalamba.

Anamwalira pa October 23, 1930. Lero, kukumbukira Ivan Yakovlev kukulemekezedwa m'dera lonse la Volga, makamaka pakati pa anthu a Chuvash.