Middle Ages, mtundu wa nyengo ndi chiyani? Ages Middle: tanthauzo, malire nthawi ndi periodization

"Ages Middle" - liwu anayambitsa nthawi zambiri, iwo anasonyeza. izo poyamba kunachitika kuti tipeze nthawi ya chiletso okhwima pa zonse zimene kugwirizana ndi amakedzana. Izi zinali nthawi imene anatsatira kugwa kwa Western Roma, ndipo zinatha mpaka chiyambi cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano, pamene chidwi mu Roma ndi Greece kunabuka mwakhama.

Nthawi mafelemu zosiyanasiyana

Iwo okha zaka pafupifupi VI ndi XVI, ndi Zakachikwi izi zimatchedwa Ages Middle. Koma, ndithudi, timeframe lenileni la Ages Middle ndiribe akhazikitsidwa. Maganizo kwambiri. Likutchedwa ndi cha m'ma XVII, chifukwa atagwa Constantinople mu 1453 (imodzi ya malire a Middle Ages mapeto), ndi chiswa wamng'ono anali munthu pambuyo chinthu china chosaiwalika, kupereka ufulu kwa anthu. Ndipo aliyense wa iwo ndi gulu lina la mbiri yakale ndi tsiku la chimaliziro cha "nthawi mdima", ngakhale liwu zimenezi zili zoyenera zambiri mudziko la Oyambirira ndi Middle Ages. Ndi wosaiwalika masiku monga atulukira America (1492) ndi chiyambi cha Reformation (polimbana ndi nkhanza za Tchalitchi cha Katolika), choikidwa 1517. Pambuyo ulimi English, mapeto a zaka makumi atatu nkhondo, Mtendere wa Westphalia ndi ufulu wofanana Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti. Aliyense wa zinthu zimenezi fateful mu Europe kuoneka ngati nkotheka modievistami timeframe yomaliza ya Ages Middle.

Schools - maganizo osiyana

Oimira modievistiki anaphunzira makamaka mbiri ya European Zapakati, ndipo pambuyo zochitika zofanana zinachitika mu Russia, ndi zina, mu Asia, Africa, poyera monga America. Pakati pa asayansi pali mbali kwa nthawi yaitali Ages Middle. Mu ziphunzitso zawo n'zochokera deta kokwanira kwambiri pa kusintha kwakukulu zigawo zonse anthu kwathunthu. Chiyambi cha masiku ano akaona chiyambi cha French kuukira boma. Palibe mgwirizano ndi kulemekeza chiyambi cha nyengo ya nthawi iyi. Mu "History of Mankind" - Buku UNESCO kope - malire pakati pa dziko wakale ndi Zapakati chikugwirizana ndi mphindi ya kuwuka kwa Islam. Mwachionekere, aliyense wasayansi ali ndi ufulu maganizo awo.

Kukula kwa chiphunzitso cha

Nanga ndi "Middle Ages"? Ndi, mfundo za mbiri ya anthu, m'kanthawi kochepa, zimene zinaphatikizapo kwambiri. magawo osiyanasiyana a chitukuko cha anthu, panali chipembedzo chatsopano ndi dziko, anatsegula lonselo anabadwa ndi asayansi anzeru, anasintha maganizo a dzikoli ndi sayansi ambiri, panali "kusamuka lalikulu la anthu." Mwachionekere, mfundo m'zigawozigawo ziyenera mu ndege osiyana. Chifukwa, kwenikweni, anapatsidwa momwe anachita nkhanza kusaka kuponderezedwa mwankhanza ngakhale kafungo dissent, mapeto a nthawi ino ayenera kutengedwa ngati ufulu wofanana oimira zikhulupiriro zosiyana, osati maonekedwe a katswiri wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano mwapang'ono.

Amapasa

Kodi Ages Middle? Mwachidule, izo zikumveka ngati - nyengo ya chitukuko mbiri ya anthu pakati amakedzana (dziko lakale) ndi nthawi Chatsopano. Chinthu china, kumene amakedzana malekezero ndi nthawi Chatsopano kuyamba. Gawo lirilonse m'mbiri ali chitetezo ake umoyo ndi zachuma: amakedzana - ukapolo, akale - ang'onoang'ono, masiku ano - ndi capitalist. Nthawi chimango wa Ages Middle ku Ulaya, ndipo osati lifanane ndi feudalism kwathunthu, ndipo apa Mwachitsanzo, mu Russia, mtembo wake anawonongedwa mu October 1917. M'mayiko ena, zotsatira yotsalira ya feudalism ndiribe zagonjetsedwa kutali. Ndipo ndi nkhani Europe n'zosiyana ofufuza. Kutsutsa kuti kwa nthawi yaitali, anthu akale anali machitidwe ambiri, ndi muzochitika zonse. Mwachidziwikire, zinali zoona, chifukwa palibe kusintha formations timu zimachitika.

Zikamera ndi maganizo

A buku wamba kuti zikamera, ulamuliro ndi kukula kwa feudalism - ndi nthawi ya Mibadwo Middle. Ndipo liwu lokha anadziwana ndi humanists Italiya (mwachitsanzo, Flavio Biondo), amene ankatsogolera kuyesetsa kwakukulu chitsitsimutso chakale Latin. Iwo tawakonzera nthawi isanafike nthawi yawo kudzalekanitsa iwo kuchokera kalekale akulemekezedwa, mawu akuti sing'anga aevum, woomba ngati "IU iwo aeuim" kutanthauza "zapakatikati". Ziribe kanthu momwe lalifupi m'badwo wa nthawi ambiri poyerekeza ndi kukhalapo kwa dziko wakale, nthawi zosiyana za mbali kanukanu anali chibadidwe, choncho pali periodization wa Ages Middle.

kufunika periodization

Ndi 12-Chigawo yakale mbiri ulamuliro wa gawo mu nyengo zitatu. Zimatanthauza nthawi yoyamba motsatizana ku cha m'ma kwa m'ma V XI, ndipo amatchedwa oyambirira akale. Classic, kapena Mkulu Middle Ages, anabwera mwamsanga yapita siteji (XI m'ma) ndi anamaliza m'zaka XIV. Kenako, kutsiriziratu Zapakati, limatchedwanso Oyambirira Chatsopano nthawi. nthawi yake - XIV-XVI zaka. The historiography za m'ma XX zasintha kwambiri mchikakamizo cha sukulu French, anapanga padziko magazini "Annals," amene ulemu ndi dzina lake. maganizo awo "yaitali Ages Middle." unayambitsidwa

mbali khalidwe la Early Ages Middle

Chiyambi cha Ages Middle chikugwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwambiri a m'dera limene kumadzulo European chitukuko kutero. Mbali khalidwe la Early Ages Middle ndi mapangidwe inati m'dera la Great Britain, France, Saxony, Russia. Nthawi imeneyi, amene kumatenga pafupifupi 5 zaka zambiri, panali "kusamuka lalikulu la anthu", ozikidwa pa nkhondo ya Huns ku Asia ku Eastern Europe, amene anali periphery ya Western Roma. mitundu Potesnenny Huns anasamukira makamaka Gau, Spain, Italy ndi Dacia. Mbali ina ya nyengo yakale imeneyi ndi kusintha kuchokera ku chikunja kuti Chikhristu, kutenga malo pansi pa mothandizidwa ndi Roma Katolika, amene udindo mu nthawi ino n'zovuta Musaone.

Wachifulanki Ufumu

Zapakati - ndi ulamuliro wa mpingo. Zinali pachimake pa chitukuko Western, iye anathandiza anthu ena lokha, komanso unali likulu la chikhalidwe. Anaika ndi ubwenzi latsopano kupanga - pali feudalism, ozikidwa pa ulamuliro wa lalikulu tidakocheza katundu. Sitingathe kunena za chiyambi cha boma mu nthawi franc ichi, chimene amalamulira mafumu Carolingian, zomwe, nthumwi Karl Veliky ogwirizana gawo, kuyandikira kukula kwa deralo kulamulidwa ndi Western Roma. Sungani ufumuwo ndipo analephera. Pakuti Early Ages Middle ambiri amakhala ndi masiyanidwe a malire akuwuka States. Chirichonse chiri mu ndondomeko ya maphunziro ndi mapangidwe. Kuyamba kukhazikitsa ena mumaganiza zolembalemba - Early Ages Middle inali nthawi golide kwa zikamera wa epic amunamuna. Ambiri, "Zapakati" - ". Nyimbo ya Nibelungs" a "Lay" ndi French "Nyimbo ya Roland", Spanish "ndakatulo ya Cid" ndi German Choncho nthawi sanali ndithu "mdima".

Nkhondo ndi kupanduka monga Motors ikuyendera

Dzina la gawo lotsatira - "kumwamba", "tingachipeze powerenga", "okhwima" Ages Middle - limanena kuti nthawi imeneyi inatha ndipo unafalikira (ndipo choncho, ambiri zipatso) onse anayamba mu nthawi yapita. Potsiriza anapanga asapita ang'onoang'ono, kulimbikitsa ulamuliro waukulu, kupanga gulu nthumwi ufumu (pamene nthumwi za magulu osiyanasiyana nawo drafting ya malamulo). nthawi iyi anali ndi makhalidwe ake chibadidwe - ayamba kutuluka nyumba zamalamulo ndi zipani. Wathunso nthawi imeneyi, mbali ndi feuds wamagazi. Amene adapha kotala za nkhondo za dziko dynastic wa Maluwa, pamene gawo la anthu, anthu okhulupirika kwa genera Plantagenet, Lancaster, kupha kumbali ya York, womwe ndi British anawononga British. Wina chizindikiro cha nthawi ino ndi m'mphawi zipolowe, monga Dzhona Bolla ndi Wat Tyler ku England.

akale chuma mapulani

Kodi Ages Middle? Izi ndi zomangamanga lalikulu limene yophatikiza masitaelo anayi - "Carolingian Kubadwa Kwatsopano" (dzina pambuyo mafumu akulamulira wa Wachifulanki ufumu), Ottonian Art (m'malo mwa nthumwi ya Achisaxon mzera wa Otto I), Romanesque ndi masitaelo Gothic. The heyday wa comaliza, unachokera mu France mu XII atumwi, monga anabwera mochedwa Ages Middle. Ku Ulaya, anamwazikana zitsanzo zosangalatsa za masitaelo a kamangidwe kake. A "Gothic" - ndi beautification ambiri a ku Ulaya, khadi ake malonda. Cologne Cathedral (1248-1437), Notre-Dame de A Paris (1163-1437), mipingo Gothic aang'ono Prague - kuti chingayerekezedwe ndi kukongola chozamachi. Iwo sali m'chaching'ono lonyozeka kwa katswiri wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Zowopsya za Mibadwo ya Mdima

Kodi Ages Middle? Chachikulu Njala, mliri mliri, kapena Makoswe, kuti kusaka, ndi misonkhano wamagazi ndi Jacquerie - lalikulu antifeudal chiwembu cha alimi French (Zhakov-suckers) mu 1358. Komabe, kenako Middle Ages, ndipo limatchedwanso Oyambirira Chatsopano nthawi, ndiye anayamba kukula mofulumira m'madera onse - anakula mzinda wamphamvu, zamanja otukuka, kupanga wakhanda, malonda kunakopa. Panali kusintha chachikulu mu zikhalidwe, sayansi ndi ndale moyo wa Europe. Ndi ikuchepa papa - pachimake pa Zapakati. Kusintha formations opangidwa kukula ndigwira osadziwika ndi mphamvu ya zolakwa za strata m'munsi alionse - Dutch kupanduka ndi Great wamba Nkhondo Germany.

Kumvetsa miyambo

Mu nthawi yathu, periodization wa Ages Middle, anatsimikiza kutenga nkhani ya specificities lililonse m'dziko, komanso kuzindikira mfundo yakuti mu maonekedwe ena ndi ena ndondomeko umenewu si zachilendo mayiko onse a dziko. Choncho, palibe mwachindunji nthawi chimango. XVII m'ma - nthawi pamene unagona ang'onoang'ono akukhala lotha, ndipo akuyamba kubadwa kwa bizinesi.

Koma anali tsokali anabwera pa XV m'ma - njala, matenda oopsa, nkhanza za kusaka, kulenga chithunzi yowawitsa, ngati zojambulidwa ndi Ieronima Boskha, ndi imakhudzana ndi Zapakati. Choncho, nthawi zambiri pansi pa tanthauzo la Zapakati, kugwa si ntchito zazikulu mabuku ndi zomangamanga, zinthu zazikulu, ndi moto, amene anatentha osokonezeka, kuphatikizapo Giordano Bruno, wowopsa woyera chigoba ndi mlomo wautali, amene anapita kwa madokotala m'misewu zauve anakhomedwa mizinda. Ngakhale azungu sizinathe kutsukidwa. Choncho, Pomalizira "akale" n'chimodzimodzi ndi mfundo monga "wandiweyani", "m'mbuyo", "yagoletsa."