Mitundu, cholinga ndi mayina a mayendedwe

Kuchitira mayina lero kwambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana za ulimi wamakono, chifukwa mwamtheradi singasiyanitsidwe gawo, lomwe masiku ano ntchito ambiri ŵakwenera zosiyanasiyana njira ndi misonkhano. Pakali pano, ntchito zawo ambiri chirichonse kuchokera kakang'ono luso tsiku komanso kumaliza ndi makina yaikulu ntchito zida mafakitale.

Palibe ogwira ano, mafakitale zovuta kapena mafakitale kucheza sangathe ntchito kapena lakuti zina za mayendedwe ndi mankhwala iwo wokha, kukhala ndi moyo kwenikweni ndipo chifukwa chokha zodabwitsazi ndi kuti iwo alibe yeniyeni zina. Pa nkhani imeneyi, kupitiriza ntchito ya makampani osiyanasiyana, motero Mwachangu awo chuma mwachindunji amadalira zingati zilipo m'njira yake ndi kuika anthu mankhwala likhoza avale.

nkhani

Si onse mumvetse tanena kale, akulankhula za zinthu zatsopano ndi chabe kuleza aiwala kale. Mawu wosafa ndi abwino kwambiri pafupifupi kwa luso lililonse ano, makamaka zokhudza akatundu, ngakhale kuti kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, pamene panali mayina loyamba la mayendedwe, anali kale chachikulu zamoyo zinachita njira, ndipo poyamba mankhwala kuyang'ana momwe lero iwo ali ambiri.

Ngati inu basi agwera mwakuya mu mbiri, ayenera kuyamba ndi 3500 BC, pamene anthu a ku Egypt kale ntchito, ngakhale ndithu wosazindikira, koma pa nthawi yomweyo chifukwa nthawi yake kwambiri mayendedwe chithandizo, zomwe Komabe, pa nthawi silinakwaniritsidwe ntchito mipira. Pafupifupi 700-mamita BC Aselote bwino kale ndipo ntchito mankhwala wokangalika, imene nthawi yathu mayina amawatcha mayendedwe, cylindrical wodzigudubuza chipangizo.

Chotsatira - 330 BC, imene la akatswiri otchuka wakale Greece Diad anakhoza kulenga zonse kunachitika injini asilikali, mbali yaikulu amene anali wosazindikira ndithu mayendedwe. makina mkulu amasankha chachikulu omenyerapo nkhosa yamphongo mosavuta muziyendayenda mothandizidwa ndi atsogoleri wodzigudubuza. Umo ndi momwe, mu kuchita, mfundo wasonyeza kuti umabala mpira uliwonse chikubala, ndi, mikangano kutsetsereka kuti m'malo a anagubuduza mikangano, choncho galimoto mosavuta kugwira ntchito yake, ntchito mphamvu zochepa kwambiri.

Mu 1490, Leonardo da Vinci anatulukira yoyamba anagubuduza zimakhudza zojambula. Dziwani mfundo kuti kutulukira zayambitsa chipwirikiti weniweni mabwalo katswiri, koma kwenikweni ndi kupita kwa nthawi, anthu ambiri anazindikira kuti pa nthawi nkhani imeneyi si ntchito yeniyeni.

M'chaka cha 1794 panali patenting loyamba zimakhudza pakubwezeretsa, omwe ndi ofanana ndi chipangizo chamakono. Mwatsoka, ntchito ya nyemba, mu kuchita, nayenso, osati zoyembekezeka zidzachitika chifukwa kuti kuzindikira kwathunthu mfundo imeneyi, kunali koyenera kuti mwayi wina luso, monga kugwiritsa ntchito dzanja kupukuta sizingatheke kuti iyende yoyenera.

Mu 1839, wasayansi ku America dzina lake Isaki Babbitt anatulukira aloyi wapadera, amene anayamba kupangidwa mipira, zomwe zina zikutanthauza umembala wake zonse zobala wodzigudubuza. aloyi Izi zikutanthauza zikuchokera mkuwa ake, antimony, kutsogolera ndi malata.

Komanso panali yojambula weniweni m'munda wa phokoso lochokera mfundo luso view atasenza nyumba, ndi ambiri a iwo, kumene, wakhala setifiketi. Mu 1853, Phillip Moritz Fischer mapulani oyamba mu mbiri ya njinga ngo, amene zimagwirira munali apadera zimakhudza wodzigudubuza.

Otsiriza kwenikweni zofunika kuyamba kufalitsa ambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala chitukuko ngati wakhala chakuti Friedrich Fischer analengedwa mu 1883, galimoto imene ikuchitika akupera mipira zopangidwa anaumitsa zitsulo. Dziwani chakuti makina amakwaniritsa mlingo wokweretsa wa umapezeka, amene kale anali chabe mumangire. Kudzera chilengedwe cha makina anabwera dziko wotchuka shveynfurtskoy zobala mbewu, komanso m'tsogolo, mankhwala amenewa atayamba kale ntchito pafupifupi kwina kulikonse.

Kuyambira pamenepo mosalekeza anachita kuwongolera umisiri ayamba kutchuka - anagula zida zolondola, zinayamba kubala zimakhudza chiwerengero anakamba mfundo zina za ulimi. Pomaliza, tikuona kuti ankadziwa zinthu zambiri, popanda zomwe lero kuli kovuta kuyerekeza ndi kupanga ano.

Wotchuka kwambiri ndi otchuka mu nthawi yathu angatchedwe mayendedwe kumveka ndi mayendedwe wodzigudubuza, kotero m'nkhani ino ife tichita nawo ndi ntchito zawo.

mayendedwe anagubuduza

Mfundo zikuluzikulu za ntchito imeneyi ndi kutenga mphamvu ya mikangano mayendedwe. Chotero mankhwala ali ndi dongosolo limene linapangidwa mphete ziwiri zitsulo ndi poyambira, imene imakonzedwa pakati odzigudubuza, ndi singano kapena mipira, ndi makhalidwe mkati olekanitsa oyenerera pakati pa mphete. Dziwani kuti mukhoza kupeza yakubala nambala, powapatsa kuthekera pakalibe olekanitsa mapulani ake.

kusiyana awo?

mayendedwe amakono kuti m'kagulu mbali zingapo zofunika:

• Mtundu matupi ntchito kupereka mayendedwe kwambiri - wodzigudubuza / singano kapena mayendedwe mpira;
• Lembani zotheka katundu - liniya adaponya, zozungulira, ndi okhota zomangira kukhudzana mpira.
• Chiwerengero cha zinthu ntchito - kuchokera mzere umodzi multirow.
• Kutheka kupereka chipukuta misozi chakuti mamangidwe palibe mayikidwe a malaya ndi kutsinde - nesamoustanavlivayuschiesya ndi kudzikonda aligning.

ubwino

Pali ubwino kuyenera mayendedwe izi. GOST amakhazikitsa mfundo kupanga okhwima ndithu mankhwala amenewa, kugwilizana ndi amene ayenera kupereka phindu zotsatirazi:

• mkulu kwambiri KDA omwe amaperekedwa ndi kukwaniritsa imfa osachepera chifukwa kukhululukirana.
• Nthawi zina, zina, ngakhale kakhumi Zing'onozing'ono ndi mikangano makokedwe poyerekeza ndi mayendedwe kumveka.
• The anasiya sitifunikanso ntchito mtengo zitsulo sanali akakhala, popanda zomwe sangathe ntchito bwino mayendedwe, zomwe ndi amadza zabwino kwambiri pa mtengo apachiyambi, chotero, mtengo komaliza, amene ali ndi mayendedwe. GOST ananena momveka ndithu limasonyeza amafuna kupanga awo, choncho alibe nkhawa kuti ndalama zochepa udzapeza zochepa mankhwala khalidwe.
• Luso kupanga mayendedwe pafupifupi kukula kulikonse mukufuna malangizo a olamulira, kuti ntchito zawo zosiyanasiyana ndi anawonjezera kwambiri.
• magawo kwambiri ntchito komanso kuphweka mu utumiki limodzi ndi wachibale omasuka m'malo.
• otsika kwambiri mowa lubricant.
• mtengo wotsika zokwanira kuti akuyimira chifukwa chachikulu kwambiri kuŵeta nkhani, ndi kuchuluka kwa zipangizo ntchito.
• Ndithu digiri yapamwamba ya interchangeability, amenenso ali ndi zotsatira zabwino pa mtengo wonse wa kuphweka ndi liwiro kukonza zida zosiyanasiyana ndiponso makina.

kuipa

Izi sizikutanthauza kuti ngakhale zoti mayendedwe kunja wa mtundu uwu imafotokoza kuti iwo ndi zovuta zina, akuti:

• A osiyanasiyana ochepa ofunsira. Nthawi zambiri zaphindu ngati disassemble kutanthauza mayendedwe, chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti makhalidwe awo bwino kusonyeza unsuitability awo ntchito mokwanira zida zikugwira ntchito pa liwiro kopitilira muyeso-mkulu ndi lalikulu kugwedera ndi mantha katundu, monga nkhani zonsezi si nkhani.
• Ndithu kulemera lalikulu ndi miyeso motsogozedwa zozungulira.
• Kupanda mwayi kuti akonze mayendedwe noiseless kwathunthu chifukwa mitundu zolakwa.
• Koma ndizovuta unsembe wa mitundu yonse yochitira misonkhano.
• Ziyenera kukhala tcheru kwambiri kuonetsetsa kuti monga momwe akanathera kukhazikitsa mankhwala ameneŵa, monga zatsimikiziridwa mwa mayendedwe a kalembedwe. Decoding magawo chachikulu ndi zitsanzo zenizeni za ntchito yawo akuonetsa kuti ngakhale zolakwika zing'onozing'ono kudzabadwira disabling malo wonse.
• Mu ndondomeko ya zotsimikizira magulu ang'onoang'ono a mayendedwe ndi kukula kwake sanali muyezo wa mtengo kumawonjezera awo m'malo kwambiri.

mayendedwe Plain

Chikhazikitso GOST zimakhudza zikusonyeza kuti chipangizo kutsetsereka thupi ndi dzenje mkati omwe ndi chipangizo lubricating ndi apadera malaya anapanga zinthu antifriction. The kasinthasintha wa kutsinde imachitidwa ndi chilolezo anapereka pakati ndi dzenje. Tikumbukenso kuti mawerengedwe a kusiyana ndi mwapadera, monga mwinamwake monga sangathe kupereka ntchito ogwira mankhwala. N'chifukwa chake zoti SKF mayendedwe ndi Logos a alimi ena akuluakulu dziko, osachepera, mukhoza kukhala otsimikiza kuti makhalidwe awo zizigwirizana mkulu mlingo wa mankhwala sadzalola kukayikira mphamvu ya mankhwala alipo.

Kutsetsereka mikangano mu mankhwala amenewa ali m'magulu angapo chachikulu:

• Malire. The lubricant chimakwirira woonda filimu mankhwala, pamene kuchitira ndi pokhudzana ndi kutsinde mokwanira kapena monga amakhudza madera pa nthawi yaitali kwambiri kuposa zonse.
• Phula. Kudzera ntchito wosanjikiza madzi lubricant mokwanira lilibe mwachindunji mosalekeza zimakhudza kukhudzana ndi kutsinde pamalo. kukhudzana amenewa tingathe kuchigwiritsa kwathunthu kwina kapena kusokonekera m'madera ena.
• Gasi. Chifukwa kukhalapo kwa wosanjikiza mpweya pakati pa nkhaniyi ndi kutsinde kwathunthu inathetsedwa kuthekera mwachindunji kukhudzana.
• Youma. The lubricant si ntchito mfundo ndi mikondo Choncho kwathunthu kuphimba kuchitira diameters kapena kugona mbali za yaitali.

Malinga mtundu wa mankhwala angagwiritsidwe ntchito pulasitiki, madzi, gaseous kapena lubricant olimba.

Gawo

Gulu la mankhwala ameneŵa ikuchitika monga mbali zotsatirazi:

• Dzenje chitsanzo - odnopoverhnostnye kapena mnogopoverhnostnye; n'kuyambiranso malo kapena popanda kukondera; ankatembenukira kapena padziko popanda kusamutsidwa.
• Directions akuwuka katundu - ofananira, zozungulira kapena kukhudzana okhota.
• Chiwerengero cha mavavu ntchito mafuta - chimodzi kapena ziwiri kapena zambiri.
• Yomanga - yogawikana, limodzi chidutswa kapena kumangidwa.
• Adjustability - luso kusintha kapena kusapezeka ake.

ubwino

Ponena za ubwino waukulu wa mankhwala amenewa, onse pali zingapo:

• osiyanasiyana kwambiri lonse ofunsira zotheka chifukwa chakuti mayendedwe ungatithandizire bwinobwino ngakhale pa mantha ndi kugwedera katundu mkulu, kapena pa liwiro mokwanira mkulu.
• Mokwanira mkulu mlingo wa dzuwa, pamene ntchito ndi lalikulu awiri kutsinde.
• Luso ntchito monga zimakhudza releasable.
• Luso kupereka kusintha a kusiyana, kotero kuti olamulira kutsinde akhoza anapereka mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri.

zolakwa

Izi, kumene, zopangidwa zimenezi, pali zinthu zina zabwino:

• Mosiyana ndi kuti, malinga ndi zoti mayendedwe pakubwezeretsa, si Mwachangu apamwamba, ngati pali awiri ndithu chifukwa kukhululukirana.
• Palibe kuthekera kuonetsetsa ntchito yachibadwa popanda kondomu nthawi zonse.
• M'goli avale zikhomo, ndi mankhwala yokha.
• Zokwanira kukwera mtengo chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ntchito zonse zitsulo sanali akakhala mu kupanga ndondomeko.
• Yaikulu ntchito athandizira mu kupanga.

chodetsa

Zonsezi amapangidwa mu Russia, ayenera chofunika kuti zaikidwa ndi mafakitale, ndipo anapereka zimakhudza akuti malinga ndi GOST. Olemba a kukhudza ano imakhala manambala seveni mayina waukulu, komanso ena otchulidwa zina ndi kumanzere kapena ufulu wa mayina waukulu. Dziwani mfundo yakuti zina zazikulu chodetsa kumanzere ayenera ankasiyana hyphen, pamene lamanja ndi kalata ya mayendedwe a. Pankhaniyi, zizindikiro Mulimonsemo ayenera kuwerenga okha kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja.

Zizindikiro Leftist, womwenso chikhazikitso cha mayendedwe mu chikukoka, muli zotsatirazi:

• mikangano makokedwe;
• mankhwala gulu;
• olondola kalasi ;
• gulu zozungulira chilolezo.

Kumanja akusonyeza motere:

• kusintha structural;
• kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu zinthu kupanga ndondomeko deta;
• lubricant;
• ndi tempering kutentha;
• ndi zofunikira kuti kuonetsetsa enaake a kugwedera.

diameters

Ngati ndi kukula akuti awiri ndi zosaposa 10 mm, ndiye mtengo imatengedwa m'mimba mwake mwadzina, ndipo nokha kuti ichi ndi mayendedwe ndi mipata ndi diameters mu zosiyanasiyana 0.6-2.5 mm, akuti ndi imagwiridwa ndi nambala fractional. Mu zochitika zina, ngati awiri a mtengo fractional, ndiye chizindikiro kuti adzakhale ndi inteja ndi pamene lachiwiri mu kalembedwe wa mankhwala amavalidwa manambala "5".

Yobala dzenje lomwe awiri ndi 10, 12, 15 kapena 17 mm m'mimba mwake ndi lakuti manambala ake 00, 01, 02 kapena 03 motero. Ngati kutsegula imene kukula mu osiyanasiyana mamilimita 10 mpaka 19, koma zimenezi si m'gulu mndandanda wa anafotokoza pamwamba, ndiye anthufe anasankha yapafupi inteja kuchokera kumwamba, ndipo chiwerengero "9" aikidwa mu malo lachitatu ankachita.

Ngati dzenje awiri ndi 22, 28, 32 kapena 500 mm, mu nkhani iyi, iwo mutchule mtengo fractional. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala ndi 22 mamilimita awiri akhoza kukhala akuti "602/22."

Ngati dzenje awiri ndi lonse kapena chiwerengero fractional kuti si angapo asanu, mu nkhani zomwe ikhale anagwidwa ndi inteja wa quotient wa awiri pa 5. Choncho zofunika kalembedwe nkhani zikuphatikizapo manambala chachitatu "9".

Kutalika kwa mkati mwake kwa mizere, yomwe ili ndi kutsegula kwaposa 500 mm, imakhala ndi dzina lomwe likugwirizana kwathunthu ndi chiwonetsero chachikulu cha dzenje, lowerengedwa mu mamilimita.

Zina mwazinthu, mzere wokhala ndi mndandanda umasonyezedwa, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mndandanda wa ma width ndi diameters kuti mudziwe kukula kwake.