Malasha: katundu. Malasha: chiyambi, kupanga mtengo

Kuyambira kale, anthu amagwiritsa khala monga gwero la mphamvu. Ndipo lero ndi mchere wofunika ntchito ambiri zokwanira. Nthawi zina amatchedwa dzuwa mphamvu, amene kokhazikika pa mwala.

ntchito

Malasha Watenthedwa kupereka kutentha zomwe ndi madzi otentha ndi Kutentha nyumba. Zothandiza malasha ntchito njira yadothi zitsulo. Matenthedwe zomera khala moto ndi n'kukhala magetsi.

sayansi asiya ntchito mankhwala wapatali mosiyana. Choncho, makampani mankhwala a akwanitsa anayamba luso amalola kupeza kuchokera khala mafuta madzi, komanso zitsulo osowa monga germanium ndi gallium. Kuyambira malasha panopa yotengedwa wapatali kaboni graphite zipangizo gulu ndi mpweya vyskokoy ndende. Kuchitanso njira yopangira mapulasitiki ndi mkulu calorie mafuta mafuta kuchokera malasha.

A kachigawo otsika kwambiri a khala otsika kalasi ndi fumbi processing wothinikizidwa mu briquettes. Nkhanizi ndi wangwiro Kutentha m'nyumba ndi malo mafakitale. Pa lonse, mitundu oposa mazana anayi a mankhwala pambuyo mankhwala mankhwala, amene wadwala malasha. Mtengo wa mankhwala amenewa mu ambiri nthawi kuposa mtengo wa zopangira.

M'zaka zochepa zapitazi, anthu amapanga ntchito kwambiri malasha ngati mafuta anafunika kubala, komanso mphamvu kutembenuka. Ndipo zisakuyenda kufunika yothandiza ukuwonjezeka gasi. Izi zimathandiza kuti chitukuko cha mafakitale mankhwala a, komanso kufunika anachokera therefrom zinthu zamtengo wapatali ndi osowa. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mu Russia lero anachititsa kufufuza kwambiri madera atsopano, kulenga migodi ndi quarries, kampani anamanga kwa processing wa nkhaniyi wapatali yaiwisi.

Magwero a malasha

Kale, dziko linali ofunda ndi chinyezi nyengo imene zomera zosiyanasiyana anachuluka. Kuchokera mu khala tsogolo anapanga. Magwero a malasha imeneyi chagona pa kudzikundikira mabilioni a matani a zomera akufa pansi pa zithaphwi, kumene munali matope. Kuyambira pamenepo anapitirira pafupifupi 300 miliyoni. Zaka. Pansi pa mchenga wamphamvu kuthamanga, madzi ndi Mitundu yosiyanasiyana zomera pang'onopang'ono linakwiriridwa mu mpweya ufulu chilengedwe. Atadziŵa kutentha, amene choti kufupi chiphalaphala solidification za misa zidzachitika, amene yosintha mu malasha. Chiyambi cha minda onse alipo kokha kufotokoza.

nkhokwe mchere ndi migodi

Padziko lathuli, pali madipoziti lalikulu la malasha. Okwana, malinga ndi ziwerengero, subsoil kusunga matani zankhaninkhani, khumi ndi asanu a mchere izi. Komanso, malasha migodi akukhudza ndi mu malo oyamba. M'chaka zinali matani biliyoni 2.6, kapena matani 0,7 pa wokhala dziko.

Miyala ya malasha Russia zili m'madera osiyanasiyana. Komanso, aliyense amene mchere mankhwala ali ndi makhalidwe osiyana ndi ali kuya kwake. Mmunsimu muli mndandanda, zomwe zikuphatikizapo madipoziti waukulu wa malasha Russia:

1. Elga gawo. Ndi ili mu gawo kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa Yakutia. Kuya kwa malasha m'madera amenewa amalola migodi lotseguka. Pamafunika palibe ndalama zoonjezera, kumene kumakhudza kuchepetsa ndalama chomaliza mankhwala.
2. Tuvan gawo. Akatswiri amanena m'gawo lake ndi biliyoni 20. Matani mchere. Gawo wokongola kwambiri chitukuko. chakuti peresenti makumi asanu ndi atatu madipoziti ake inali ku msoko kukhala makulidwe mamita 6-7.
3. Minusinsk kumunda. Iwo zili Republic of Khakassia. Ndi minda ochepa, yaikulu imene ali Chimontenegirini ndi Izykhsky. M'matangadza wa maiwe yaing'ono kusambira. Malinga ndi ziwerengero Katswiri, iwo chifukwa cha pakati biliyoni 2 ndi 7 matani. Pali Tingafinye chofunika kwambiri makhalidwe ake Malasha. Katundu mchere ngati kuti pamene anatentha analemba kutentha kwambiri.
4. Kuznetsk khala beseni. Pofunika ili kumadzulo kwa Siberia, amapereka mankhwala ntchito mu kampani yopanga zitsulo. Malasha, amene ncho m'madera amenewa, ndi coking. Voliyumu ya madipoziti imangokhala kwambiri.
5. Kuznetsky Alatau. Pofunika amapereka mankhwala wapamwamba kwambiri. Kuya chachikulu cha zigawo za mchere ukufika mamita mazana asanu. Yopanga ikuchitika zigawo lotseguka, ndi mabomba a.

Khala ndi ncho ku Russia mu za Pechora khala beseni. Mwakhama anayamba minda m'dera Rostov.

Malasha kusankha kwa ndondomeko yopanga

M'mafakitale zosiyanasiyana, kusowa alipo zopangidwa yosiyanasiyana ya mchere. Kodi kusiyana Malasha ndi? The katundu ndi makhalidwe Mkhalidwe wa mankhwala zimasiyanasiyana.

Izi zimachitika ngakhale khala ali yemweyo ankachita. chakuti makhalidwe a malasha amadalira ulimi malo ake. N'chifukwa chake aliyense kampani, kusankha malasha kupanga ake ayenera kukhala bwino ndi makhalidwe thupi.

katundu

Khala ndi kusiyana ndi katundu zotsatirazi:

1. Osalimba. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri, ndiwo padziko magalamu 1,28 kuti 1,53 pa centimeter kiyubiki. Pa machulukidwe apamwamba kumawonjezera kutentha enieni kuyaka wa malasha.
2. The mpweya okhutira. index Izi ranges ku 75 97 peresenti. Pa zili apamwamba mpweya mu mafuta ndi zosakwana buku zosafunika. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti kuchuluka pazipita mphamvu ku kuyaka wa mankhwala.
3. Mawotchi mphamvu. khalidwe Kudziwa luso malasha posamutsa kayendedwe. chizindikiro ichi ndi mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera makilogalamu 40 pa centimeter lalikulu (kuchokera lignite) ndi 300 (Y anthracite).
4. Okhutira sulfure. ngodya zake zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira 0.5 peresenti 5.4. Pa mtengo ang'onoang'ono a mafuta kuchuluka ntchito bwinobwino.
5. zigawo oyaka (2-45%).
6. Chinyezi. The mafuta anyamula pa 4 ndi 15 peresenti chinyezi. Kuyambira chithunzi ichi zimatengera kaya kuwotcha malasha othandiza mwala. The katundu wa mankhwala chonyowa mwapadera kwa youma. Chotero khala anayamba kugwa ndipo pansi weathering mofulumira.
7. Ash okhutira. mapangidwe Izi zikusonyeza chiwerengero cha zosakaniza sanali kuyaka ali gasi. Pa zili m'munsi phulusa kumawonjezera mndandanda kutentha mphamvu. Chiwerengero wotsikitsitsa zosakaniza sanali kuyaka ndi anthracite. Ndi mkati 2%. Pakuti Kutentha zovomerezeka phulusa zili mu osiyanasiyana sate pa zana. Mtengo wapatali kwambiri wa khalidwe ichi - 45%.
8. Specific kutentha kuyaka. index uwu mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 6500 mpaka 8600 kcal / kg. N'zimenenso kuchuluka kwa kutentha ndi kwaiye ndi kuyaka wa kilogalamu imodzi ya mafuta.

Mlingo wa patsogolo

Mu khala osiyana zolimba zikhoza kugulidwa malingana ntchito ankafuna. Katundu mafuta motero bwino, zochokera mlingo wa patsogolo. wolemekezeka:

1. limafotokoza. mafuta ntchito yokonza magetsi ndi kutentha.

2. Zamgululi Industrial. Iwo ntchito zitsulo.

3. sludge. Izi chabwino khala kachigawo (millimeters zisanu), ndipo fumbi opangidwa ndi kuphwanya miyala. Briquettes anapanga kuchokera slurry ndi katundu ntchito zabwino zoweta boilers mafuta olimba.

Mlingo wa coalification

kusiyana ndi chizindikiro ichi:

1. Brown malasha. Izi khala chomwecho, zisanapangike. Katundu ndi penapake choipa koposa wa utsi apamwamba khalidwe. Brown khala umabala wochepa pamene zopsereza ndi anayamba kugwa pa zoyendera. Komanso, ali ndi vuto kudziletsa azinyadira.

2. Malasha. mafuta ali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha mitundu (zizindikiro) amene katundu zosiyana. Ambiri ntchito mu mphamvu, zitsulo, zofunikira ndi makampani mankhwala a.

3. Anthracite. Ichi ndi wapamwamba kwambiri mtundu wa malasha.

The katundu wa mitundu onsewa mchere ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi mzake. Choncho, otsika calorific phindu lililonse lignite, ndi apamwamba - anthracite. Kodi ndi bwino kugula khala? Mtengo ayenera kukhala chuma yotheka. Choncho, mtengo ndi kutentha zenizeni mu chiŵerengero akadakwanitsira opezeka khala chosavuta (mu uthunthu $ 220 pa matani).

Gawo ndi kukula

Posankha ndikofunika kudziwa kukula kwa malasha. chithunzi Izi encrypted mu mtundu wa mchere. Choncho, khala ndi:

- "P" - slab, ndilo zidutswa akuluakulu kuposa 10 cm.

- "K" - lalikulu, ndi miyeso zapakati pa 5 ndi 10 cm.

- "O" - nati, izo ndi lalikulu, zidutswa ndi makulidwe cm 2.5 5.

- "M" - yaing'ono, ndi zidutswa pang'ono mu masentimita 1.3-2.5.

- "C" - mbewu - wotchipa kachigawo kwa kuwola yaitali ndi miyeso 0.6-1.3 cm.

- "W" - makhalidwe, umene uli makamaka pulverized khala anafuna briquetting.

- "R" - wamba, kapena standardless, zimenezi tuzigawo twa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

The katundu wa bulauni malasha

Izi ndi zochepesetsa apamwamba malasha. Price anali otsika (za zana madola tani). khala Brown unakhazikitsidwa mu zithaphwi wakale ndi psinjika wa peat pa akuya za 0,9 Km. Izi kwambiri wotchipa mafuta munali wambirimbiri madzi (40%).

Komanso, lignite ali ndi kutentha otsika a kuyaka. Pali ambiri (50%) mpweya oyaka. Ngati inu ntchito malasha bulauni kwa firebox ng'anjo, ndi makhalidwe ake apamwamba kukumbutsa nkhuni achinyezi. mankhwala n'zovuta ndimakwiya, ambiri utsi ndi amasiya m'mbuyo ambiri phulusa. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu izi yaiwisi okonzeka briquettes. Ali nazo ntchito zabwino ndithu. mtengo ranges ku rubles eyiti kwa zikwi khumi pa tani.

Katundu wa malasha

mafuta bwino. Malasha - thanthwe mapangidwe kuti ali wakuda ndi matte, theka-Mat kapena chonyezimira pamwamba.

Mu mtundu uwu wa mafuta lili okwana zana asanu sikisi chinyezi, chifukwa umene ali ndi kutentha mkulu wa kuyaka. Poyerekeza ndi thundu, alder ndi birch nkhuni khala amapereka kutentha nthawi 3.5 apamwamba. The downside a mtundu wa mafuta ndi phulusa ikuluikulu. Mtengo wa malasha m'chilimwe ndi kugwa mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera rubles 3900 ndi 4600 pa tani. M'nyengo yozizira, mtengo wa ukuwonjezeka mafuta peresenti makumi awiri kuti makumi atatu.

Kusungiramo malasha

Ngati mafuta ndi ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali, ndiye adzaikidwe mu khola wapadera kapena silo. Pali ayenera kutetezedwa dzuwa ndi mpweya.

Ngati khala lalikulu mulu, ndiye yosungiramo muyenera zonse kuyan'ana mkhalidwe wawo. Kachigawo chabwino osakaniza ndi kutentha ndi chinyezi akhoza azinyadira zokha.