Mitundu ya mabuku ndi cholinga chawo. Mitundu ya mabuku

Literature - mfundo amebicheskoe (wofanana nkhani, komanso mitundu ya mabuku): mu zaka za chitukuko cha chitukuko anthu, zivute zitani amasintha onse mu maonekedwe ake amanena. Timadziwa kuti kulankhula za zamoyo wa luso limeneli padziko lonse kapena koletsedweratu kwa ena nyengo kapena dera yeniyeni (mabuku wakale wa Ages Middle, mabuku Russian za m'ma XIX., Ndipo ena) Komabe, muyenera kuona ngati ndinu woona wa kulankhula ndi yofunika mbali ya dziko ndondomeko chikhalidwe.

The luso la mawu

Pachikhalidwe, akulankhula za mabuku, munthu akusonyeza zopeka. Maganizo amenewa (kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena - "luso la kulankhula") anaonekera mu nthaka yachonde folklore. Komabe, mosiyana, mabuku pa nthawi ino kulibe mu m'kamwa ndi kulemba (ndi balati anayatsa (T) eratura -. M'chizungumo "kwalembedwa" kuchokera anayatsa (T) nyengo - limatanthauza "kalata"). Zopeka amagwiritsa monga chuma liwu limodzi ndi zolembedwa kapangidwe (zachilengedwe anthu) chinenero. Literature ndiponso maluso ena ofanana ndi mzake. Koma ake kulunjika anatsimikiza poyerekezera ndi luso njira kuti ntchito zina zipangizo m'malo zinenero-(mau zithunzi zaluso, nyimbo) kapena pamodzi ndi (songs, zisudzo, mafilimu a kanema), pa zina dzanja - ndi ena mitundu ya wapakamwa lemba: sayansi, nzeru zaumunthu, publicist ndi ena. kuwonjezera, mabuku amabweretsa pamodzi kukopera aliyense (kuphatikizapo anonymous) ntchito, motsutsana ndi bwino sanali enieni zolengedwa wolemba folklore.

Mitundu zitatu

Species ndi genera mabuku - gulu chapadera cha ntchito wapakamwa luso mu gulu ubale, "chotengera cha kulankhula" (kusonyeza) kwa luso lonse. Mwalamulo, pali mitundu itatu:

• epic: buku, ndi epic novela, novella, nkhani, yochepa nkhani, nkhani, nthano;
• lyric: madrigal, nyimbo, ndi ode, ine ndikuganiza uthenga idyll, epigram, elegy, epitaph, prothalamium;
• modabwitsa: sewero, matsoka tragicomedy, Comedy, farce, melodrama, farce.

Mitundu ndi Mitundu ya mabuku

Gulu ambiri mitundu yonse ya mabuku kutumizidwa monga gawo la mtundu wa zolembedwa. Iwo akhoza kukhala epic, womwenso nkhani, buku ndi nkhani; kuti monga m'nyimbo ndakatulo; m'Chiarabu ndi ndakatulo ndi ndakatulo; modabwitsa akhoza kugawidwa mu sewero, matsoka ndi sewero lanthabwala. Mitundu zolembalemba akhoza kuwasiyanitsa ndi mzake ndi chiwerengero cha anthu ndiponso storylines, buku, mbali ndi wokhutira. Mu nthawi zosiyana za mbiri ya mabuku ndi mtundu wina akhoza akuimira mu Mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo: Kodi ndi akatswiri maganizo mabuku, mabuku ofufuza, chikhalidwe ndi picaresque. Theoretically gawo ntchito pa mitundu ya mabuku anayamba Aristotle mu buku lake lotchedwa "The Poetics". ntchito yake anapitiriza mu nthawi yatsopano, wolemba ndakatulo French ndi wotsutsa Boileau ndi wolemba German Lessing.

kalembedwe mabuku

Mkonzi ndi kufalitsa lokonzekera, T. E. The kusankha ntchito kulembera wotsatira Mabaibulo, kawirikawiri amanyamula yosindikiza mkonzi. Koma wosuta pafupifupi zimavuta ndithu molondola kuyenda panyanja chosefukira ntchito zolembalemba. Nkokoma kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito njira mwadongosolo - ndicho, kufunika bwino kusiyanitsa mitundu ya mabuku ndi cholinga chawo.

• Roma - ndi yokongola mtundu wa ntchito, lomwe lili ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu otchulidwa ndi dongosolo ndithu amange ndi mwamphamvu womangidwa ubale pakati pawo. Buku zingakhale mbiri banja ndi banja, nzeru zaumunthu, ndipo ulendo chikhalidwe.
• Yadzaoneni - mndandanda wa ntchito, kawirikawiri limodzi, zonse likusonyeza kwambiri nthawi kapena zochitika kwambiri chochitika zikuluzikulu.

• Novela - yaikulu mtundu wanyimbo Nkhani prose, lalifupi kwambiri kuposa buku kapena novella. The lanyimbo lalifupi wotchedwa yochepa nkhani ndi wolemba - novelist.

Osati otsiriza a n'chinthu

• Comedy - chilengedwe, chomwe akungondinyoza kuipa munthu kapena chikhalidwe, moganizira zinthu zosamveka ndi kupusa.

• Nyimbo - mawonekedwe akale andakatulo, popanda zomwe m'gulu la "mitundu ya mabuku" sizikanakhala wathunthu. Ntchito ndi mtundu ndakatulo ndi mavesi ambiri ndi makolasi. Kodi: wowerengeka, m'nyimbo, zozizwitsa ndi mbiri yakale.

• Nthano - prose, koma ndakatulo ntchito khalidwe, mukumulalikira ndi satirical.

• Nkhani - ntchito mabuku wina, kawirikawiri amakhala aang'ono, kukula kwa amene akufotokoza nkhani ya mwambo limodzi mu moyo wa munthuyo.

• Mfundo - pa nkhani m'gulu la "mitundu ya mabuku" gawo ndi amanyamula chifaniziro cha mibadwo ya m'tsogolo ya makolo a chilengedwe, ngwazi ndi milungu.

• Lyric ndakatulo - kumasonyeza zokumana nazo maganizo kwambiri wolemba mu chidule wake wapamwamba.

• Nkhani - Nkhani, ndi subspecies a epic, amene molondola limatiuza za zochitika zenizeni, zoona.

• Nthano - mankhwala ofanana mu dongosolo ndi nkhaniyi, koma buku osiyana. Nkhani akhoza kukamba za zinthu zosiyanasiyana pa moyo wa atchulidwa lapansi.

• Romance - mpake amasunga mndandanda wa "mitundu ya mabuku" gulu, ndi mafotokozedwe ntchito modabwitsa, anthu osiyana categorical magawano mu zabwino ndi zoipa.

• Tsoka - ndi subspecies wa sewero, limene likusimba vuto la utsogoleri nthawi zina imfa ya khalidwe.

Literature ndi Modernity

Moyo weniweniwo tsiku lililonse likadutsa zambiri mosalekeza limalimbikitsa kuti aliyense kuti mlingo wa kugwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa mabuku buku, nyuzipepala ndi magazini zipangizo - mmodzi wa i zofunika mphamvu ya m'deralo maphunziro. Kumene, siteji yoyamba ya kuzolowerana ndi mabuku (kupatula ana a) akuyamba mu sukulu. Choncho, aliyense malangizo aphunzitsi a mabuku muli zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya maphunziro mu mabuku amene amathandiza zosavuta mawonekedwe mwana kupereka nzeru zofunikira.

kusankha munthu

N'zovuta Musaone udindo wa mabuku a moyo wamasiku ano, chifukwa mabuku ankakweza m'badwo kuposa wina. Iwo kuthandiza anthu kumvetsa ndi dziko, ndi mwini analimbikitsa kutsatira choonadi cha m'Baibulo, mfundo za makhalidwe abwino ndi chidziwitso, anaphunzitsa kulemekeza m'mbuyomu. Mwatsoka, mabuku ndi njira zina luso masiku ano anthu ambiri kawirikawiri saganizira. Pali zina m'gulu la anthu amene amanena kuti mabuku kale chakale, m'malo zake zonse kwa TV ndi mafilimu. Koma ngati kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi operekedwa ndi Buku kapena ayi - kusankha aliyense.