Mitundu ya madikishonale - chiyani komanso zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito

Malinga ndi asayansi (akatswiri a zinenero ndi psiholinvisty), kwa tsiku ndi tsiku pafupifupi munthu "wopita" akusowa mawu pafupifupi zikwi. Komabe, mawu a ophunzira a ku Ulaya ndi khumi kapena khumi ndi zikwi makumi awiri. Ndi ntchito yogwira, pamene kudziwa ndi kumvetsa tingathe za awiri kawiri ndi theka mawu ambiri. Koma mwamsanga pamene munthu amizidwa zapaderazi aliyense, chidziwitso cha makampani, nkhani - inde ngakhale kuluka kapena kudula kunja - lifunika mosabisa kuti gawo chuma cha mawu. Ndipo ngati nthawi zonse timalimbana ndi zikalata - ife basi kwenikweni muyenera mitundu ambiri osiyanasiyana a otanthauzira. Akatswiri ndi omasulira ndi chizolowezi ntchito mabuku amenewa Buku - ndi zapaderazi awo. Wotchuka kwambiri pakati pawo mitundu ya otanthauzira - kwenikweni nzeru ndi zinenero - kupereka mawu kumasuliridwa m'zinenero umodzi kapena kuposerapo. Pali Monolingual, ndi thesauri, ndipo otanthauzira wa gulu iliyonse. Mwachitsanzo, mawu achilendo, etymological (kufotokoza chiyambi cha zizindikiro), anzeru. Mitundu yonse ya otanthauzira chinenero Russian ngakhale zovuta ati. Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zimene akuimira mawu makamaka kapena lingaliro, muyenera ntchito mwanzeru (mwachitsanzo, lolembedwa kapena Ozhegova Dahl) kapena Buku dictionary.

Komabe, si mawu onse akhoza m'gulu mabuku amenewa: Mwachitsanzo, iwo sangakwane terminology apadera kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, izi mitundu ya otanthauzira, lomwe lili (zachipatala, luso, masamu) mawu wapadera. A ubwino Zining'a - bwino, osachepera "pigeonhole" kapena "amadya garu" - ife fufuzani dikishonale ya phraseology. Nthawi zambiri akalozera amenewa ayenera kuti otembenuza zopeka ndi kuphunzira monga chinenero. Ndipotu, ngati okuluwika kwawo amanena momveka bwino nkhani, mu English kapena German sadzatha kuti amasulire kwenikweni, kusunga phindu.

Palinso otchedwa "n'zosiyana" mitundu ya otanthauzira - ngati mawu zambiri anakonza kuti afabeti makalata choyamba, chachiwiri ndi wotsatira, ndiye Mwachitsanzo, rhyming dictionary ndiwo mapeto a mawu ndi kusanja amapita ku Nineve.

Ngati tikunena otanthauzira chinenero Russian, mitundu ya ndiwo yosiyanasiyana, ziyenera anati za pafupipafupi, ndi otanthauzira zamalankhulidwe. Mapu amenewa pogruppirovany mawu ndi pafupipafupi ntchito kapena magulu thematic: ku phata (zofunika kwambiri ndi nkhani ya zizindikiro) kwa periphery lapansi.

Palinso mitundu ya otanthauzira, monga kalembedwe - kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti aletse kalembedwe kwa mawu, kutchula - amene kufufuzidwa phokoso ndi katchulidwe, dialectic (kapena dera), amene amatengedwa ndi anafotokoza magulu akutiakuti lotanthauzira Kupititsa (otchedwa m'zilembo). Neologisms, mawu achikale - kutanthauza anthu amene mwina posachedwapa analowa chinenero ndi sanabadwe katswiri kapena kuti si ntchito - awa akuimira mu otanthauzira okhudzidwa (historicism, mawu achikale, mawu atsopano). Pomaliza, komanso mitundu koteroko otanthauzira kuti ndi zenizeni kulenga wolemba kapena ndakatulo, ndi ndemanga kufotokoza limatchula za kugwiritsa ntchito mawu ena. Zikuphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, "Dictionary ya Pushkin Language", "Dictionary a ntchito Esenina" ndi ena.