Mitundu ya osankhika zandale: lingaliro, njira kupanga

Kutsogolera anthu osankhika a - amene maudindo akuluakulu kupeza magwero patokha zambiri. Ali osiyanasiyana kwambiri ndipo anapanga m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Tiyeni tione zimene ndi mitundu ya elites ndale ndipo bwanji kuti chitukuko cha dziko. Funso osati kungokhala. The zochita ndi zosankha za anthu awa zimadalira tsogolo lathu. Komanso ali ndi inakhudza kwambiri m'tsogolo, ndiye kuumba miyoyo ya ana angathe ndi adzukulu. nzika wamba ndi zofunika kumvetsa zomwe gulu la anthu dziko amalowerera tanthauzo la zochitika, kuneneratu zotsatira zake zikuoneka.

Kodi osankhika?

Izi mawu zambiri timamva pa TV, kukumana nkhani yaikulu. Osankhika - gulu la anthu ndi mwayi zimakhudza anthu. Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti kupeza mwachizolowezi kwa levers mphamvu sikokwanira. Mu mbiri ya zitsanzo zambiri za momwe atsogoleri anatuluka pakati pa anthu, kusuntha kuchokera pa ulamuliro wa anthu amene amayenera kutenga malo chilamulo pano. Koma kuti akhale anthu osankhika, muyenera kukhala akonzedwa ena mwa makhalidwe ndi luso. Izi maphunziro, ndiponso kulankhulana ndi utsogoleri makhalidwe: nzeru, wachikoka, luso yosanthula, utheke ndi kukambirana. Pa levers mphamvu kodi akulamulira osankhika. Amene sangathe kutenga mbali mu boma, akaniza iwo. Izi potsimikizira-osankhika. Komanso, pali amisiri amene chikoka pa chitukuko chachikulu zina. China ndi lozani osankhika asilikali. M'mayiko ena, iwo amachita yokhala otsogolera. Ife sitinganyalanyaze ndi academia, ngakhale tsopano udindo wawo si choncho noticeable monga atumwi wotsiriza. Osankhika a ndale a dziko zooneka ndi zinthu zakale, zinthu zachuma. Nthawi zina kalasi lolamulira kwathunthu reformatted opanikizika kwa anthu (zinthu chosintha).

Mitundu ya elites andale

Zokambirana zokhudza asayansi ndale zowala ndi magetsi zosiyanasiyana. Izo zimatengera mlingo wa chitukuko cha anthu ndi miyambo, kuganizira njira zakale. Kuonetsetsa mitundu zoterozo elites zandale:

• Open nzika zonse chingakhoze kufika kwa icho.
• Zokhoma kusinthidwa yekha ena mamembala a magulu (otchuka, mwachitsanzo).

Indian wasayansi P. Sharan anapereka gulu yake. Akulongosola mitundu ya elites zandale:

• Apamwamba ali ndi maudindo kutsogolera.
• Sing'anga - anthu amene zina zamayendedwe, luso, maphunziro.
• Administrative - antchito mulingo wapamwamba mabungwe, mautumiki, mwachitsanzo.
• Mmphepete alibe mbali tatchulazi, koma ali ndi mbali yaikulu pa anthu.

osankhika kulamulira

Chinthu chachikulu boma lililonse nawo anthu ndi luso ndi chikoka. Iwo amene achotsedwa pa mitundu yonse ya elites. Anthu masiku ano ali ndi dongosolo zovuta. Kulisunga lolamulidwa, m'pofunika zimakhudza anthu ambiri. Kuyambira mfundo imeneyi ayenera kukhala mogwirizana yosatha pakati pa olamulira, mapulani kusintha komanso zochita. Bungwe ntchito zooneka mphamvu osankhika. Administrative akuchita ntchito wamkulu, ndipo amapanga maganizo apamwamba. Lililonse kwa magulu amamuchititsa kuti asankhe owayimilira kuti udachitikira mphamvu. Izi zimachitika ngakhale pa chisankho. Wachiwiri Corps amadzadza mabwalo osankhika demokalase mbali zosiyanasiyana. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali maganizo amphamvu kuti okha zosankha anthu ochepa kuti atsogolere dziko. Anthu awa alandira maphunziro ndi mayendetsedwe luso. Pali mitundu iwiri ya asilikali a elites: Entrepreneurial ndi munalidi gulu dongosolo. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

dongosolo munalidi gulu

Pafupifupi m'mayiko onse mu msonkhano wa mphamvu amakhumudwa. Mapangidwe osankhika ndale ndi pa maziko a mamembala a gulu linalake kapena Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira. Ndi chatsekedwa kusankha. Iye anaganiza ndi pang'onopang'ono patsogolo mwachilungamo wodekha mpaka makwerero ntchito. Phungu a m'bungwe la osankhika bwalo cheke pa mlingo wa maphunziro, kulankhula ndi anthu, kulankhula pagulu, ndi zina zotero. Kodi zofunika kwambiri monga zimakhalira pachibale Party ubwenzi ndi zinthu zina. dongosolo imatengedwa ndiwofatsa. Zochita za kujowina kalabu osankhika akutenga nsonga anapambutsa kusewera mtundu wina wa utsogoleri. Mmenemo palibe mpikisano. Zimenezi zimathandiza munthu kudzitsitsa mwapang'onopang'ono osankhika a. Anthu amenewa alibe nthawi kuyankha mavuto a lero, mulibe kusinthasintha chokwanira. Kotero izo zinali Mwachitsanzo, mu USSR, zimene zinathandiza kuti kugwa kwa boma. The mbali zabwino mwa dongosolo munalidi gulu amaona kuti si abwino zikamera nkhondo mkati, mfundo zake ndi zodziwikiratu. Njira imeneyi nomination a osankhika alipo mu mayiko demokalase ndi amphamvu dongosolo phwando.

dongosolo Entrepreneurial

Anthu masiku ano kusiyana mofulumira, iwo amakumana ndi mavuto ambiri. Kuti bwinobwino moyo, m'pofunika kuchita kusankha mosamala Ngopambana. Entrepreneurial ndi ogwira ntchito dongosolo amafuna kusankha ofuna ndi makhalidwe enieni. Imodzi yofunika kwambiri ndi luso kusangalatsa anthu. wosanjikiza aliyense zachikhalidwe kusankha nthumwi pamwamba kwambiri. Mpikisano mu dongosolo ndi mkulu. Kusankha limanenanso kuti anthu onse. dongosolo ndi khalidwe la democracies patsogolo. Mwachitsanzo, mmodzi wa atsogoleri US anakhala wosewera (Ronald Reagan). Pamene dongosolo ntchito ya kusankha si zofunika akatswiri maluso a Mabwana Oyang'anira m'tsogolo. Iye ayenera ngati anthu kuti athe kuyankha mufunse anthu ndi mavuto. The sangathe wa dongosolo akuti ndi Mwina kudza kwa ulamuliro, mwachisawawa, anthu wosaphunzitsidwa.

Pa udindo wa elites andale

Tikumbukenso kuti chitukuko cha boma Nkofunika amene amayang'anira iwo. Ntchito za anthu andale ndi zofunika kwambiri ndi m'zigawozigawo. anthu awa zimakhudza umoyo wa nzika, chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro. Iwo adzakhala ndi ufulu kulamulira ya chitetezo cha dziko. Ndipotu, iwo amadalira miyoyo ya anthu. Nkofunika kuti alipo osankhika ndale ali mkulu mlingo wa Luso. dziko imavuta kwambiri. Ngati chiwerengero cha zochita olakwika ndi mkulu, inu akhoza kungoyankha kuwononga. Mu mayiko ambiri a mu mapangidwe osankhika ndale apatsira mfundo kuphatikiza. Ilo ndi gawo la amatengedwa ku magulu ena, chabwino umunthu kudza kwa ulamuliro wa anthu. Izi zimathandiza kusunga mfundo za demokalase, pa nthawi yomweyo kukhala wolimba wa anthu a. Si chinsinsi kuti cholakwika, ndondomeko zowononga mobwerezabwereza zinachititsa kuti chiwonongeko cha boma. Today zolakwa zimenezi kuyesetsa kupewa kukopa anthu kuti adziwe za Ngopambana.

elites zolakwa - vuto anthu

Nkofunika kuti osankhika a dziko zinalumikizana, mosamalitsa chomvera malamulo samabwera mikangano kwambiri. M'dziko lililonse mu malo otchuka ndi anthu enieni, amene ndi ubwino komanso kuipa. Iwo kuthana ndi nkhani zosiyanasiyana zokhudza anthu a. Ayenera kukhala zosiyana, mogwirizana ndi zolinga za anthu. Ie elites boma ndi oziyimila paokha akuyenera kugwira ntchito limodzi, kuthetsa mikangano mwa iwo okha, popanda nkhani ya anthu. Mwachitsanzo oipa akuvutika Ukraine. osankhika ake kwa zaka zambiri anamenyera mphamvu. Pulezidenti anakhala kazembe wa zigawo kumadzulo, kum'mawa. Andale alephera kugwirizana, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kumenyana ndi mfuti. Kuti ndi bwalo elitist chabe sanali kupirira maudindo awo.

Kuchokera pa zimene zimatengera mtundu wa Ngopambana

The demokalase amafuna kukhazikitsa moyenera pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana ndi zigawo. M'pofunika kupeza kugwirizana mu ntchito za ntchito iliyonse. Kuyambira andale zimatengera bata ndi mutendele mu dziko. kasamalidwe ka dziko ayenera kumukhulupirira, wophunzitsidwa bwino, waluso ndi anthu aluso. Ndiko kuti, osankhika ayenera mwapadera anakonza. Pa nthawi yomweyo sitingathe ndisiye kuyenda chikhalidwe. Mpikisano bwino khalidwe la Ngopambana, kupoletsa, Chofunika kwambiri, malingaliro atsopano. Khalidwe la osankhika, ngati owerenga si anatsutsa, zimadalira anthu. Zinali anachita kwa anthu awa ndi chachikulu komanso chofunika kwambiri muyeso wa mphamvu ya ntchito yawo. Mwachitsanzo, musati mwachimbulimbuli kuvotera wakonzekera amene inu sitinaonepo pabwalo lake. Iye sachita ntchito, osati woyenera malo mu bwalo osankhika.

Professional Ngopambana yokonza

Tanena kale kuti kufanizitsa za anthu andale ali ndi dongosolo zovuta. Amathandiza osati kupsa pamene kusintha dziko wolamulira. Onetsetsani ntchito ya matupi boma makamaka akatswiri. Awa ndi anthu odziwa wapadera, luso ndi zinachitikira. Popanda thandizo lawo, mtsogoleri yowala sangathe kuchita. Kapangidwe ka chipani cha ndyale Mwachitsanzo, pali makina. nsonga ake amadziwika ndi malankhulidwe onse ndi mabuku. Perekani atsogoleri a ntchito luso wamba, nthawi zina amatchedwanso ogwira lapansi. Iwo chachikulu gulu ndi mawunikidwe ntchito. Anthu awa ayeneranso a osankhika a. Chifukwa iwo bwanji zochita mtsogoleri wawo. Nthawi anati mtundu uliwonse wa osankhika amaona. Pafupi anthu amphamvu agwilitse apamwamba, abale ndi ndodo ali. Iwonso kukopa ena pa ndondomeko zawo.

Features cha kusintha kwa elites

Monga ulamuliro, mabwalo a anthu otchuka ndi kudzadza zonse ndipo pang'onopang'ono. Anthu kukonzekera, osankhidwa, anayesedwa. Koma pakhala m'mbiri ya kuchotserapo. Kukwera akankhidwira pamwamba pa mphamvu ya anthu molimba mtima. Iwo amakhala malo pamwamba. Mwachibadwa, kunachitika ndondomeko - mantha kwambiri m'deralo. Pofuna kupewa izi, m'pofunika mosalekeza bwino dongosolo kulamulira. Izo ziyenera kubwera anthu atsopano, kubweretsa malingaliro, Anthu ambiri.

Pomaliza

owerenga ndithu kudzifunsa kuti; kodi kulowa bwalo cha osankhidwawo? si zosatheka Masiku ano. Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa osankhika m'mayiko ambiri, muona kuti ali osiyana ndi anthu ambiri a maphunziro nzika wamba, ntchito, wolimba mtima, Ambiri Amakonda kusanthula. M'pofunika kukhala ndi makhalidwe awa kuyambira pa unyamata wake. Mwina pulezidenti ndi sudzakhala, koma wolemekezeka ndi woyenera malo adzakhala m'deralo.