Democratic mayiko. Full demokalase. M'mayiko nduna mu mawu a demokalase

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha dziko, pali zitsanzo za anthu amene anamenyera ufulu wa anthu, kulingana ndi lamulo ndi chikhalidwe cha boma. kuti Democratic anakhazikitsa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Pa tanthauzo la demokalase kuganizira asayansi ambiri ndi ofufuza.

Iwo anayang'ana pa mawu ndi mfundo zandale maganizo, ndi nzeru za anthu. Ndipo akhoza kupereka malongosoledwe wazotsatira zosiyanasiyana zimene zimawakomera. Komabe, chiphunzitsocho si nthawi zonse kuzichotsa. Nthawi zambiri, mapangidwe mfundo mchitidwe State akhudzidwa. Zikomo kwa iye, mukhoza kukhazikitsa ndi kulenga zolimbana chitsanzo dongosolo demokalase. Lero, mu sayansi ndale n'kovuta kupeza mmodzi tanthauzo la mfundo ndi. Choncho, ife tisanati mukudziwa zomwe mayiko demokalase anakhalabe pa mapu a dziko lapansi, ife kuthana ndi mawu ambiri.

mphamvu anthu

Democracy - Chigiriki akuti yeniyo kutanthauziridwa monga "anthu mphamvu." Mu sayansi ndale, lingaliro ili mukuimira munthu mode amene akutumikira monga maziko gulu kupanga zisankho. Pa zotsatira zofanana membala ayenera kukhala ofanana.

Mfundo njira iyi ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana mabungwe ndi nyumba. Koma chofunika kwambiri tanthauzo lake lero ndi mphamvu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti boma ali ndi mphamvu zambiri, ndipo kotero kuti bungwe ilo ndi kupirira zovuta.

Motero, mayiko demokalase pankhani imeneyi ayenera yodziwika ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Kukhazikitsa anthu oona mtima, ndi kusankhidwa kuvomerezedwa mtsogoleri wawo.
• Yovomerezeka gwero la mphamvu - anthu.
• Boma anthu kumachitika pofuna kukwaniritsa zofuna ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ubwino wa dziko.

Aliyense wa anthu malamulo ake, zomwe ndi zofunika kuonetsetsa kuti boma dziko. Pakuti demokalase zambiri monga osiyanasiyana mfundo zomwe ndi "litmus mayeso" chifukwa zatsopano zandale:

• Kulingana, onse chikhalidwe ndi maulamuliro.
• Ufulu.
• lamulo ladziko;
• ufulu wa anthu.
• Ufulu wodzilamulira, ndi ena.

zolakwika

Kuyambira pano tingayambe malfunctioning. The yabwino demokalase zovuta kuti apindule, kotero kumasulira "demokalase" losiyana. Kale m'zaka za m'ma 18 panali mitundu, kapena yeniyeni, chitsanzo cha boma. Yotchuka kwambiri imatengedwa demokalase mwachindunji. chitsanzo Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kutenga zochita ndi nzika likuvutika kugwirizana kapena lamulo ambiri.

Nearby, mukhoza mwachindunji ndi demokalase womuimira. Mtundu kumaphatikizapo zochita ndi anthu kupyolera akuluakulu awo osankhidwa kapena anthu ena apatsidwa ena. Pankhaniyi, anthu awa kusankha zochokera maganizo a amene amawakhulupirira, kenako udindo chifukwa patsogolo pa iwo.

Pa nkhondo kuti?

Iwo ayenera kumvetsa zimenezi ndale, demokalase, amagwira ntchito kuchepetsa mwankhanza ndi kuponderezana. Uwu wakhala kovuta kuti apindule, makamaka m'mayiko amene ufulu wa anthu ndi makhalidwe ena amene sakudziwika ndi boma ndi anatsala chitetezo mu dongosolo la ndale.

Tsopano lingaliro la "demokalase" ali mbali ziwiri za ndalama. Democracy tsopano kuzindikiridwa ndi ulamuliro owolowa manja. Ndi mtundu uwu wa demokalase, pamodzi ndi chisankho momasuka ndi moona mtima nthawi, pali lamulo, gawo ndi kuletsa mphamvu anakhazikitsa lamulo ladziko.

Komano, chuma ambiri ndi ofufuza ndale amakhulupirira kuti kuzindikira lamanja la posankha zochita, mfundo zokhudza, komanso zimakhudza anthu pa dongosolo boma, n'zosatheka popanda mapangidwe ufulu chitukuko, mlingo wochepa wa lochitira mu mbali umoyo ndi zachuma, komanso kufanana mwayi.

pachiswe

M'mayiko Democratic nthawi zonse amakumana ndi kuopseza ndi ulamuliro authoritarian. The vuto lalikulu kwa dongosolo la boma nthawi zonse separatism, uchigawenga ndi kukula kwa lochitira chikhalidwe ndi kusamuka. Ngakhale kuti m'dziko pali mabungwe ambiri amene amateteza ufulu ndi ufulu wa nzika, nkhani si popanda nthawi imene maganizo mikangano ya ndale anali chikwiyire.

The zikuchitika tsopano lino

Tisanafotokoze kuyang'ana pa dziko kwambiri demokalase mu dziko, muyenera kuyang'ana pa chithunzi chonse cha m'mene ziriri pano. Ngakhale zosiyanasiyana ankhanza otchuka, lero chiwerengero cha Democrats m'mayiko ambiri mu mbiri. kuposa theka dziko amatha kuchita nawo chisankho. Komabe, ngakhale ngati boma monga mwankhanza, kodi mosavuta kulibe m'malo mwa anthu.

Amadziwika kuti mayiko amene ntchito pa ulamuliro demokalase anapereka ufulu kuvota pafupifupi chilichonse anthu wamkulu. Koma kenako, anakumana ndi vuto limeneli kuti chidwi mu moyo andale inagwa zikuchepa. Mwachitsanzo, mu United States nawo chisankho amatenga 30-40% ya anthu.

Pali zifukwa zingapo. Kuti limvetse mokwanila momwe ndale za dziko, muyenera M'sitolo pa chipiriro osati kokha, komanso nthawi ophimba. Nzika zina amakhulupirira kuti andale kulipira nthawi zambiri mtundu wa ndale ndi zofuna zawo. Ena sindikuwona kusiyana pakati pa zipani zotsutsana. Lang'anani, momwe zinthu zikusinthira kumabweretsa chakuti kamodzinso nakhalanso chidwi mu mawonekedwe a demokalase mwachindunji.

analytics

Asayansi ambiri andale kuti ankagwira ntchito mwakhama kuti fuko lirilonse mu dziko muli tanthauzo lake. Pakatikati pa kafukufuku British masamu njira yomwe ankatha kudziwa mlingo wa mayiko mu mawu a demokalase. Inu tsopano mukhoza m'kagulu mayiko 167. Aliyense ali index wake wa demokalase.

Today zovuta kunena mmene cholinga tinganene kuti kusankha limati wa mfundo imeneyi. Okwana pali magulu 5 ndi 12 zizindikiro. zosonyezera anali woyamba ntchito mu 2006. Panthawi imeneyi panali angapo kusinthidwa ndi zosintha mu chithunzi ndale za dzikoli. Ndipo ngakhale zaka 10 pambuyo pake, si yemwe ndi mbali ya bungwe la: mwina ndi ndodo ya pakati kafukufuku, ndipo akhoza kukhala pawokha asayansi.

mfundo

Kotero, kuti Udindo boma m'magulu anayi, m'pofunika kuyeza mlingo wa demokalase mu dziko. Muyeneranso tione ndemanga anzawo ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku maganizo a anthu. Aliyense dziko amakhala ndi 60 zizindikiro, zimene yagawidwa magawo angapo:

1. Electoral ndondomeko ndi zipani.
2. ntchito m'boma.
3. Nawo nzika za malamulo a boma.
4. chikhalidwe Political.
5. ufulu wa anthu.

gulu

Izo zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu angapo pa maziko a dziko. The choyamba - zonse demokalase. Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ulamuliro uwu n'kosatheka ongolankhula abwino. Komabe, panthawi mu gulu ili m'gulu mayiko 26 - ndi 12% ya chonse cha anthu. Akukhulupirira kuti pafupifupi theka la mayiko onse akhoza zimachitika mtundu uwu, koma katswiri maganizo ndi zosiyana pang'ono. 51 boma iwo ali m'gulu la "kusowa demokalase".

Gulu lachitatu ankaona kuti wosakanizidwa mode, umene ndi kudalirana wa demokalase ndi authoritarianism. Mu dziko muli 39 limati ndi mtundu uwu. Otsala m'mayiko 52. zidakali ndi authoritarian boma. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, gulu wachinayi mwina monga atatu alionse m'dzikoli - anthu oposa biliyoni 2.5.

Chiyambi cha loyamba

Otsiriza kudziwika indexation zinachitikadi mu 2014. m'mayiko 25 akhoza zimachitika ndi demokalase zonse kunachitika. The khumi pamwamba zikuphatikizapo Iceland, New Zealand, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Canada, ndi Netherlands, Switzerland ndiponso Australia.

Mtsogoleri zaka zingapo mu mzere imatengedwa kuti Norway. ufumu Izi oyendetsera dziko analandira index 9,93. Izi ndi dziko kumpoto kwa Ulaya ali gawo la Scandinavia Peninsula. Tsopano Mfumu ya Norway Harald V. ndi boma unitary kumadalira pa mfundo za demokalase aphungu.

Malo Pippi Longstocking

Lachiwiri ndi wotanganidwa ndi Sweden (9.73). boma ndi pafupi Norway. Komanso ili pa Scandinavia Peninsula. Mphamvu asaaonerera Carl XVI Gustaf. mawonekedwe amadziwikanso zochokera pa mfundo za ulamuliro wa demokalase aphungu ubwenzi symbiotic ndi mafumu malamulo a dziko lino.

ndi dziko laling'ono

Pomaliza ndi index wa 9,58 amatenga Iceland. Map dziko limeneli lili pafupi Europe. Izi chilumba mtundu. Pulezidenti ndi Gvyudni Jóhannesson, amene analanda mu June chaka chino. Iye ndi phungu woima payekha. Komanso anatchuka chifukwa chakuti pali digiri - Professor wa History. Ngakhale kuti Iceland Map sadzachitanso noticeable lonseli, si pamwamba atsogoleri atatu a mayiko demokalase komanso wotchuka mayina ake ena. Mwachitsanzo, ngati Chilumba chachikulu chiyambi chiphala.

Mu manja otetezedwa

New Zealand anatenga malo wachinayi (9.26). boma ili mu Polynesia, kum'mwera-kumadzulo Pacific Ocean. Monga mu Norway, pali chimapambana ndi mafumu oyendetsera dziko ndi demokalase aphungu. dziko A kulamulidwa ndi wotchuka Mfumukazi Elizabeth II. Mwa njira, kupatula chakuti iye ali mutu wa British Commonwealth of Nations ndipo pomwepo UK, izo ndi mfumukazi ya 15 palokha limati, kuphatikizapo Canada, Belize, Barbados, Grenada ndi ena. Mwachindunji ambiri a ku New Zealand ndi Kazembe-General Jerry Mateparae.

otumikira akazi

Denmark nayenso kugunda dziko demokalase ndi pachikhalidwe chachisanu mu kusanja (9.11). Wina State, amene ali kumpoto kwa Ulaya. mphamvu imeneyi ndi ufulu wa mkazi - Margrethe II. Choncho, Denmark - ndi mafumu malamulo. Mfumukazi amathandiza unicameral yamalamulo, wotchedwa Folketing.

Zovuta dongosolo andale

Switzerland ali malo chimodzi (9.09). Ndi mabwalo a boma, chitaganya ntchito ndi yamalamulo bicameral, ndipo pa maziko a theka demokalase. Switzerland si wophweka andale. Pulezidenti Johann Schneider-Ammann ndi wapampando wa Bungwe la Federal, koma kwenikweni iye si mutu wa boma. Udindo umenewu amagwira ntchito ziwalo zonse za bwalo la milandu. Ngakhale nkhani za zisankho zovuta ndale, mawu ake adzakhala mwachangu.

Pulezidenti ankaona woyamba pakati yofanana, ndipo iye alibe ulamuliro kulongosola mamembala a Bungwe la Federal. Osankhidwa okha chaka. Ndipo si anthu, ndipo mamembala a msonkhanopo. Pali anthu asanu okha. Kuwonjezera chakuti iwo pamodzi kuthamanga dziko, aliyense wa iwo ali dipatimenti yake. Mwachitsanzo, pulezidenti panopa ndi udindo Dipatimenti Federal wa Affairs Economic, Education ndi Research.

dziko multiethnic

malo Seventh anapita ku Canada (9.08). boma zili North America. Monga tanena kale, mutu wa boma ndi Mfumukazi Great Britain. Koma analamulira Bwanamkubwa General Devid Dzhonston kunyumba. Canada - ndi chitaganya ndi mafumu aphungu ndi demokalase aphungu.

boma wapangidwa zigawo 10. Wotchuka kwambiri imatengedwa Quebec. Apa ndi pamene ambiri a mwa anthu olankhula Chifalansa. m'zigawo zina mokulirapo ndi "English".

kukhazikika

Ndi index 9,03 Finland zinachitika chitatu. Zochita za dziko makamaka zochokera mphamvu kuyesa, ngati khola kwambiri. Mu 2010, boma wakhala yopambana. Iwo lili kumpoto kwa Ulaya. Ndi aphungu-Pulezidenti Republic zochokera demokalase aphungu. Kuyambira 2012 mutu wa boma ndi Sauli Niynisto.

pulezidenti amasankhidwa ndi mavoti otchuka kwa nthawi ya zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Chachikulu wamkulu mphamvu akuupereka kwa iye. Mbali ya nthambi malamulo ndi m'manja mwa mutsogoleli wa dziko, koma theka lachiwiri la umalamulira yamalamulo - Eduskunta.

State Chile

Australia ndi lili pa nambala 9 mu kusanja mayiko a ulamuliro wa dziko (9.01). Mphamvu imeneyi pafupi ndi New Zealand kumtunda ndipo akutenga dzina chomwecho. Mutu wa dziko imatengedwa mfumukazi ya British Commonwealth. Bwanamkubwa-General - Piter Kosgrouv. Australia - ndi mafumu aphungu, amene alipo ngati maufumu onse a Great Britain. ntchito boma mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi Mfumukazi Elizabeth II ndi Council atamva.

Australia chimatengedwa ngati mmodzi wa mayiko ambiri anayamba a dziko. Iye ali ndi chuma khola, mkulu GDP pa munthu. Iye panambala pa Human Development Index, ndi mosavuta akanatha kukhala woyamba mu masanjidwe wa maiko demokalase.

Top 10

Nazo kunja mayiko pamwamba khumi ndi demokalase kwathunthu, Netherlands (8.92). boma ndi mafumu malamulo. Pa nthawi, mutu wa ufumu Willem-Alexander. Mu Netherlands, mozama ndi bicameral yamalamulo, ozikidwa pa demokalase aphungu. Capital a boma akuti ndi Amsterdam. Ndi apa kuti mfumu amatenga lumbiro la kukhulupirika ku ufumu. Koma pali likulu lenileni la The Hague, ndi kumene mpando wa boma ili.

atsogoleri ena

Mu limati 26 ndi demokalase zonse kunachitika mulinso United Kingdom, Spain, Ireland, USA, Japan, Korea South, Uruguay, Germany ndi ena. Koma mwina pakutchulidwa kusanja wa maiko amene imvera ndi ulamuliro authoritarian. Pa 167 TH malo ndi Korea North, ndi index wa 1,08. Pamwamba pake pang'ono mu masanjidwe ali Republic Central African, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Syria, Iran, Turkmenistan ndi Congo.

Russia akuchita 117 malo ndi mlingo wa 3,92. Zisanafike Cameroon, pambuyo - Angola. Belarus akadali m'munsimu Russian, pa 139 malo (3.16). mayiko onse a "authoritarian ulamuliro" gulu. Ukraine ndi pa malo 79th mu gulu la mode kusintha ndi index ndi 5,94.

No chitukuko

M'zaka zingapo zapitazi maiko demokalase ku Ulaya ataya malo awo. Zimenezi zikugwira makamaka gawo kum'mawa. Pamodzi ndi Russia anagwa mu masanjidwe ndi maiko ena CIS. Ena anagonja maudindo awo pang'ono, ena - ndi madigiri 5-7.

Popeza 2013, demokalase lonse chaleka. Mu mode ichi, palibe chimene mungachitepo, koma patsogolo mwaonapo. Zimenezi amatanthauza chithunzi okwana dziko. Mu zitsanzo, koma noticeable mgwirizano. limati ambiri akusiya njira wanangwa wawo. Makamaka pa ichi bwanji mavuto azachuma.

ankhanza Authoritarian, Mosiyana, achuluka wamphamvu kwambiri. Choncho, demokalase, amene anali adakulabe mu dziko kuyambira 1974, tsopano ali ndi khalidwe recessive. Kuwonjezera pa mfundo yakuti kuchepa kukhulupirira andale akuyamba, makamaka ku Europe. Komanso, ndondomeko za wanangwa yokha wosatenga anthu ambiri a mukufuna.