Mitundu ya zamalonda

Anthu kale losiyanasiyana ndi zitsanzo za zamalonda. Kenako anaumba m'kupita kwa nthaŵi yaitali m'mbiri.

Gulu la zamalonda Mukaganizira ena. Zizindikiro ambiri umene yagawidwa:

- umwini, anakafika njira ya ulimi;

- njira yosamalira bizinesi.

Pamaziko a mfundo izi zikuphatikizapo mitundu ngati wa zamalonda: lamulo-utsogoleri, msika, chikhalidwe losanganikirana. Aliyense wa iwo ali ndi malo yotsimikizika mu mbiri. Koma si mitundu yonse ya machitidwe tatchulawa zachuma alipo pa nthawi yomweyo.

Choncho, m'mbuyomu izo chogwidwa ndi dongosolo miyambo. Ena mwa zochititsa ndi lero akupezeka m'mayiko zochepa otukuka. Iwo amakhala ndi zachuma Mipikisano msinkhu, njira yachibadwa ya ulimi, ntchito kwambiri ntchito yamanja, kupanda luso latsopano, zofunika mawonekedwe a gulu la ntchito ndi kupanga, zomangamanga osauka, umphawi pakati pa anthu. Miyambo ndi miyambo imene inakhazikitsidwa zaka mazana angapo, mtengo wa Chigawo chikhalidwe komanso zipembedzo za anthu mu mitundu ndi strata chikhalidwe - zonse ndithu amakhudza njira umoyo ndi zachuma. Anthu mayiko amene mpaka anakhalabe chuma chikhalidwe, anakakamizika kupirira ulamuliro wa likulu ena ndi boma kwambiri alowererepo pa kusokonekera kwa ndalama dziko.

Market nkhani zachuma. Iwo amakhala ndi predominance umwini payekha chuma chuma. Ikutchula nkhani ya opanga ambiri choncho, ogula malonda awo. anthu onse yazachuma ufulu ndi ufulu wosankha wa bizinesi komanso ufulu kupeza chuma, kuti mudziwe, kuti zomwe a sayansi. zofuna - chimalimbikitsa chachikulu cha khalidwe lililonse chilli zachuma. Chifukwa, palokha posankha zochita, iye akufuna kuti apeze ndalama zambiri. Koma pano pali wanga chidwi payekha chilli zachuma adzatha kuzindikira kokha pamene ili kuwonjezera zofuna zawo zidzakhala kuimira ndi zofuna za anthu. Kugawilidwa kwanthaka chuma, ndalama, mitengo ndi zina njira macro- ndi microeconomic zonse limagwirira msika, ozikidwa pa mpikisano ufulu. Mitundu ina ya zamalonda wosiyana kwambiri ndi kupanda otsiriza. Inde, mu nkhani iyi, mpikisano kuti ndi injini chachikulu cha vuto la zachuma.

The boma dongosolo msika amathandizira njira chuma zolimbitsa kwambiri ndi moyenera. udindo wake ndi okha kuteteza eni payekha katundu komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa chotero chimango malamulo izo zikanakhala zabwino kwa kugwira ntchito msika. Market zisudzo kwathunthu payekhapayekha kutenga zochita zachuma, nthawi zambiri kuika kwambiri.

Chotero msika chuma ndi ufulu mpikisano predominance analipo kufikira 30s kwa zaka za m'ma 20.

M'maiko zokomera cha Asia ndi ku Eastern Europe, Soviet Union panali lamulo utsogoleri dongosolo. Izi sanali msika chuma. The ulamuliro wa boma mphamvu, monopolization ndi nationalization cha chuma, lamulo makonzedwe okhwima kupanga Kugawilidwa kwanthaka gwero, kusowa kupikisana ndi mapangidwe ufulu wa mitengo ndi weniweni asapita chofunika ndalama - Chinthu chochititsa chidwi mbali ya dongosolo utsogoleri-lamulo.

The dziko ano akhoza kugwira mokwanira mu dongosolo wosanganiza zachuma. mbali yake yaikulu:

- zosiyanasiyana umwini;

- mulingo woyenera kucheza ndi njira boma la lamulo zachuma ndi limagwirira msika;

- mkulu mlingo wa chitukuko cha mphamvu zipatso, pamaso pa zomangamanga msika wa anthu.

Mu dongosolo wosanganiza zachuma kuphatikiza osiyanasiyana zamalonda pa bwino.