Mlingo Population-mitundu ya gulu la moyo. Kufotokozera ndi zitsanzo

Mu zamoyo ano nkhani amoyo zambiri ankamuona ngati dongosolo masanjidwe. Aliyense wosanjikiza akuimira dongosolo la zinthu inakula. Pankhaniyi osiyana structural wagawo ndipo imodzi ndi kuchuluka "zinthu" kuti m'munsi. mlingo Population-mitundu ya gulu la moyo - imodzi mwa njirazi utsogoleri wolowezana wa zamoyo. Kuti anayamba kwathunthu kuwonetseredwa kusintha zonse zamoyo zinachita.

chitsanzo masanjidwe

zamoyo anapangidwa kuphatikiza m'magulu anayi:

• Maselo majini mlingo. Anaika pomwepo zigawo zikuluzikulu za zamoyo monga lipids, chakudya, mapuloteni ndi zidulo mkati. motere sitinganene kuti moyo, koma macromolecules, zigawo zake, maziko siteji yotsatira chitukuko.

• Kakulidwe mlingo. Awa ndi malo maselo, ziwalo, zimakhala ndi zamoyo multicellular, kuchokera Hydra anthu. Ndi pa mlingo kwa nthawi yoyamba moyo kutero.

• mlingo Population-mitundu. Kupereka mbali zake nkhani imeneyi.

• Biogeocenotic mlingo. Pamafunikanso gulu la zamoyo, biocenoses ndi biosphere. Ichi ndi mlingo pa zimene gulu la nkhani moyo ukufika kapangidwe kake kwambiri.

zina

nyumba ya anayikidwa pa aliyense wa milingo ndi zokhudza zonse. Iwo amakonda zigwirizana pali zinthu zonse kulankhula ndi chilengedwe, kusamalira njira mkati kudziletsa lamulo. Ali ndi malire kuti imalongosola pamene dongosolo umatha ndi dziko kunja kuyambe. mlingo Population-mitundu - dongosolo ndi katundu zofanana. Malirewo umene umawalekanitsa iwo kwa chilengedwe si ena thupi dongosolo, koma ubale zovuta za anthu, ndi majini.

Population-mitundu mlingo wa gulu la moyo ndi zofunika kwambiri amvetsetse ndondomeko chisinthiko. Ndi panthawi imeneyi, ndi bwino kuonekera zimagwirira zonse zoyambirira za kusankha. Zinthu zazikulu za mlingo - mtundu ndi anthu.

yosayambitsa kwa wosankhidwa

Species ya zamoyo padziko lathuli pali ambiri. Kusiyana anafotokozedwa pa mndandanda wa makhalidwe pakati pawo. Onsewo ndi Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana kufanana mitundu chimodzimodzi:

1. Morphological Mbali. M'mawu ena, kufanana kwa kapangidwe kunja.

2. Pachilichonse za ndondomeko zokhudza thupi ndi amuzolengedwa. Pa mitundu chomwecho chimodzimodzi atuluka kagayidwe chikugwirizana maselo zikuchokera minofu ndi ziwalo.

3. Geographical umboni. anthu onse a mitundu ili mkati m'dera lomwelo.

4. Zachilengedwe chizindikiro. Zamoyo za thupi mitundu yomweyo, nawonso achitapo kusintha zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ntchito yachibadwa iwo zimafuna ena kutentha, chinyezi, kuunikira ndi magawo ena.

5. Majini khalidwe. Kwa anthu a mtundu wofanana ndi yemweyo nyukiliotayidi ndondomeko ya DNA ndi. Iwo nambala yomweyo DNA.

Pakalibe waukulu

Zizindikiro izi, kutengedwa payokha, ndipo anapeza gulu la anthu, sizitanthauza kuti chimene ife anafotokoza zinthu amapanga mlingo anthu-mitundu ya moyo. Kamodzi magawo onse anatengedwa pamodzi, amanena kuti gulu la zamoyo ndi yofunika. Mbali morphological zikhoza kukhala zofanana otchedwa m'bale mitundu. Zitsanzo za izi ndi zozungulira, ambiri ofanana mu dongosolo, koma malo osiyana. Komanso zimachitika kuti anthu a mitundu yemweyo amasiyana maonekedwe. Chitsanzo wamba - ndi mismatch mtundu ndi kukula kwa amuna ndi akazi ena mbalame ndi tizilombo. m'gawo Single moyo mobisika ndi ena onse zizindikiro komanso kungachititse kuti Attribution olakwika a anthu a mitundu chomwecho. dera zambiri unagawanika chifukwa mbali zina za Edene. Tikawonetsetsa, m'dera lina zambiri amakhala pamodzi anthu osiyanasiyana kwambiri.

tanthauzo

Zitsanzo oterewa tingawapeze kuti aliyense wa magawo awa. zinthu zimene zimapanga mlingo anthu-mitundu ya gulu la moyo, akhoza kusiyana kokha pogwiritsa ntchito zoikika zonse za mbali. Komabe, zofunika kwambiri ndi ufulu interbreeding anthu ndi mbadwa chonde. Pamaziko a makhalidwe amenewa anachokera tanthauzo. View - Kutolere anthu ofanana mu dongosolo mkati ndi kunja, komanso otaya kwambiri m'thupi, agwilitse m'derali ndipo angathe interbreed ndi mzake, kusiya luso kubereka ana.

wagawo

Population-mitundu mlingo zitsanzo za zimene zimapezeka m'dera lililonse ndi utsogoleri wolowezana wa siteji ya moyo pamene kwathunthu kufalitsidwa ndi njira zonse zamphamvu zokhazokha. Ndi apa kuti ndi otchedwa unit wa kusanduka. anthu ichi, chimene chiri chinthu onse structural wa mawonekedwe. Yotsirizira m'malo umodzi mwadongosolo. Mu chikhalidwe, inu simungapeze mawonekedwe, ogawanika ndi anthu.

mchitidwe uwu m'gulu mlingo anthu-mitundu, pali zinthu zingapo:

• anthu onse a mitundu yemweyo;
• iwo okhala m'dera ndi kwaokha dera la mtundu uwu;
• anthu momasuka interbreed ndi kusiya ana chonde.

zizindikiro

Kulekana kwa anthu mitundu zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha lawolawo kapena tizilombo kudzipatula gulu la anthu pa ena. Mbali yoyamba Amawapatula ndi mapiri, nyanja, mitsinje kapena mavuto ena achilengedwe. Lachiwiri - chifukwa cha zofuna osiyanasiyana zinthu zachilengedwe, kusiyana makhalidwe, kapena kukhalapo cha masinthidwe palibe kuthekera kudutsa anthu magulu osiyana.

Chiwerengero mukhale ndi zizindikiro monga anthu, chonde, imfa ndi kukula. The choyamba ndi ya anthu onse. Population kusiyana ndi luso la kudzikonda malamulo manambala awo. Chinthu Kuchepetsa ndi kulimbikira kwa sing'anga: mwa kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha anthu okwanira yafupika chakudya mu gawo anapatsidwa, zikhalidwe zina iwonongeke. Yankho kwa ici adzakhala ndichepe chiwerengero - kuchepetsa ake ndi pafupifupi ena.

magawo zofunika za zinthu zili mitundu population- mlingo bungwe la amoyo, ndi kubadwa ndi imfa mitengo. Akuimira chiwerengero cha nyama zakufa nawonekera pa nthawi zina, motero. Kusiyana pakati pa iwo akutchedwa phindu. Iye akhoza kukhala zoipa kapena zabwino. Mbali yoyamba chiwerengero anthu yafupika, ndi lachiwiri - ukuwonjezeka.

kapangidwe

Anthu amafotokozera m'gulu mlingo anthu-mitundu ya gulu la moyo, kusiyana ndi kugonana ndi zaka. zolozerazi kupanga maziko a Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa nyumba yoyenera. The chiŵerengero cha amuna ndi akazi zambiri munthu wina, koma, chifukwa zinthu zina zimachitika disharmony mu chizindikiro ichi. Pamaso munthawi yomweyo mu chiwerengero cha anthu a mibadwo yosiyana kumathandiza kuti kusinthasintha wake wamkulu. Kuwonjezeka a "wamng'ono" limaneneratu kuwonjezeka mu kukula tsogolo anthu.

Ndalama komanso ndi khalidwe dongosolo khalidwe yekha nyama. Anthu alionse angakhale yekhayekha kapena kupanga nkhosa, ng'ombe ndi mabanja. Choyamba, posapita nthawi kufunafuna anthu a mtundu wawo, chifukwa mukatero sikutheka kubalana. Nkhosa yodziwika ndi ambiri zochita imitative bwino mkati kuti anayamba Alamu dongosolo. Nthawi kuswana, amangoona kuti lagawidwa awiriawiri. Mu banja likhale lolimba ana ndi makolo. Chitsanzo chabwino cha mtundu wa kapangidwe ndi khalidwe khola Kunyada ongokhala mwamuna wina ndi angapo wamkazi ana. Herd - kwambiri mgwirizano nyama okhazikika. Iwo amakhala ndi kukhalapo kwa ufumu okhwima lotsogoleredwa ndi mtsogoleri.

kusanduka wagawo

Monga tanenera kale, anthu-mitundu mlingo wa bungwe - sitepe imodzi mu utsogoleri wolowezana wa zamoyo, limene mungathe kufufuza mchitidwe wa chisinthiko kwathunthu. kusintha kuyamba ndi anthu. Anthu kupanga izo, ndi dziwe jini, kuti ndi ya chuma cholowa cha zamoyo zonse. Iwo amakhala ndi luso malangizo a kusintha. Population anatchula unit kwa zinthu, monga thupi osiyana moyo sizingasinthidwe chifukwa fixity la zokonzeka wa chibadwa.

zinthu zamoyo zinachita

Kusintha dziwe la jini chifukwa cha maonekedwe ndi kudzikundikira masinthidwe. Zidzachitika kawirikawiri ndipo zingakhudze umboni uliwonse. Kuonetsetsa masinthidwe lalikulu ndi recessive. Choyamba, panali nthawi yomweyo kuwonetseredwa. Anthu omwe ali ndi zinthu zatsopano ndiye pansi kusankha zamoyo. Ngati kusintha ndi zopindulitsa, liri lokhazikika. Pang'onopang'ono, anthu chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha anthu ndi khalidwe limeneli.

masinthidwe Recessive zopezeka zachilengedwe zambiri lalikulu loyamba kulalikira. Iwo kudziunjikira mu dziwe jini chifukwa nthawi zambiri ndithu nthawi yaitali. Pamene akuyesetsa enaake ndende cha masinthidwe amenewa angagwe ngati zinthu zatsopano, ndi ndondomeko adzakhala monga tafotokozazi.

Komanso, maonekedwe a makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a anthu ndi zotheka zochokera kuphatikiza (kuphatikiza) pano mu dziwe jini chuma chifukwa cha ufulu kuwoloka. chiwerengero cha yofanana zotheka adzakhala wamkulu kuposa kukula chidwi cha anthu.

kusintha mbali

The ndi bata, ndiye zonse, zinthu anthu a anthu Co-kulibe ndi zosiyana mbali. Pokhalabe ndi zina pafupifupi zikuchokera chibadwa. Kukachitika kuti anthu imvera chikoka zonse aukali zinthu za chilengedwe, kupulumuka adzakhala zamoyo Zamphamvu yekha. Umu ndi mmene masoka kusankha, vigilantly "ulamuliro" mlingo anthu-mitundu. Zitsanzo za kuopsa kwake m'gulu zamoyo lonse la dziko nyama. asinthire ku dziwe la jini chofunika zonse kusintha zikuluzikulu.

Mu utsogoleri wolowezana wa chilengedwe n'zosatheka kudziwa kapangidwe zofunika kwambiri komanso zofunikira. Mulingo uliwose apamwamba chitukuko sizingatheke popanda "zikuchitika" kale. Komabe, njira yatsopano nthawi zonse ndi qualitatively wosiyana Uwerenge yosavuta zinthu zakuya. Mwachitsanzo, anthu-mitundu mlingo wa gulu la nkhani amoyo amakhala "munda wa ntchito" wa kusankha zamoyo, waukulu zamoyo zinachita ndondomeko.