Acid: Zitsanzo tebulo. katundu zidulo

Zidulo - awa ndi mankhwala mankhwala amene angathe kupereka ion electrically mlandu (cation) haidrojeni, ndi kuvomereza awiri vzaimodeystvuschih elekitironi, potero kupanga covalent muzikondana.

M'nkhani ino tikambirana asidi lenileni, amene anaphunzitsa mu makalasi sekondale sukulu ya sekondale, komanso kuphunzira zambiri zosangalatsa za zidulo zosiyanasiyana. Chitani.

Zidulo: Mitundu

Mu umagwirira pali zambiri zosiyanasiyana zidulo, amene katundu osiyana kwambiri. Akatswiri kusiyanitsa asidi zili ongokhala mpweya, pa osakhalitsa ndi, solubility mu madzi, mphamvu, bata, a kalasi ya mankhwala organic kapena zochita kupanga mankhwala. M'nkhaniyi tiona tebulo uyo asidi wotchuka. Table angakuthandizeni kumbukira dzina la asidi ndi mankhwala chilinganizo ake.

Choncho, onse kuoneka bwino. tebulo Izi zikusonyeza odziwika bwino mu asidi makampani mankhwala. Tebulo zidzatithandiza kwambiri mofulumira kukumbukira mayina ndi kachitidwe.

asidi hydrosulfuric

H ₂ S - sulfide wa hydrogen ndi acid. peculiarity ake kwagona kuti nawonso ndi mpweya. Haidrojeni sulfide oipa rastovoryaetsya mu madzi, komanso kucheza ndi zitsulo zina zambiri. Haidrojeni sulfide asidi uli gulu la "asidi ofooka" zitsanzo za zimene tikambirana chiyani m'nkhani ino.

H ₂ S ali ndi kukoma pang'ono lokoma, ndi Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala kwambiri fungo la mazira owola. Mu chikhalidwe, angapezeke mu gasi kapena mapiri, ndipo anamasulidwa pamene mapuloteni inali kuwola.

Katundu zidulo ndi yosiyanasiyana, ngakhale asidi ndi yofunika mafakitale, zingakhale opanda pake kwambiri thanzi la munthu. Asidiyu ndi poizoni kwambiri kwa munthu. Ndi inhalation wa pang'ono sulfide wa hydrogen munthu lingathandize mutu akuyamba nseru amphamvu ndi chizungulire. Ngati munthu amapuma yambiri H ₂ S, ndiye kuti akhoza kuchita khunyu, chikomokere, kapena kumwalira mwadzidzidzi.

chidulo cha safuriki

H _{2 4} - wamphamvu sulfuric asidi, amene ana tikuuzidwa mu makalasi umagwirira ngakhale mu kalasi 8. zidulo mankhwala monga chidulo cha safuriki, ndi oxidants amphamvu kwambiri. H _{2 4} zochita monga oxidant kuti zitsulo zambiri, ndipo oxides zofunika.

H _{2 4} anakumana ndi khungu kapena zovala amachititsa amayaka mankhwala, koma si monga poizoni monga sulfide wa hydrogen.

asidi nitric

Mu dziko lathu, n'kofunika asidi amphamvu. Zitsanzo zidulo kuti: HCl, H _{2 4,} HBr, HNO _3. HNO ₃ - amadziwika asidi nitric aliyense. Zakhala ankagwiritsa ntchito mu mafakitale ndi ulimi. Izo ntchito kupanga feteleza zosiyanasiyana, zodzikongoletsera, zithunzi kusindikiza mu kupanga mankhwala ndi utoto, komanso makampani a chitetezo.

Chotero mankhwala asidi monga asidi nitric, zoipa kwambiri kwa chamoyo. HNO ₃ awiriawiri kumanzere zilonda, chifukwa pachimake kutupa ndi m'mapapo thirakiti mkwiyo.

asidi nitrous

asidi nitrous kawirikawiri kwambiri kusokonezedwa ndi asafe, koma kusiyana pakati pa iwo ndi. Mfundo yakuti asidi nitrous ndi zochepa asafe, izo katundu chosiyana ndi mmene thupi la munthu.

HNO ₂ Anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito makampani mankhwala a.

asidi hydrofluoric

asidi Hydrofluoric (kapena fluoride wa hydrogen) - njira ya H ₂ O m'ma HF. asidi amide - HF. asidi Hydrofluoric ali kwambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito mu makampani zotayidwa. Iwo kusungunuka silicates, tikuona pakachitsulo, silicate magalasi.

Haidrojeni fluoride ndi zoipa kwa thupi, malinga ndi ndende ya mankhwala kungakhale kovuta. Pambuyo kukhudzana ndi khungu, choyamba palibe kusintha, koma patapita mphindi pang'ono, mukalandire kupweteka kwambiri ndipo amayaka mankhwala. asidi Hydrofluoric zoipa kwambiri chilengedwe.

acid amathiridwa

HCl - ndi mankhwala enaake a hydrogen, ndi asidi amphamvu. Haidrojeni mankhwala enaake asidi lofotokozabe katundu wachokera ku gulu lanyonga. Mu mawonekedwe asidi ndi zomveka bwino colorless ndi zimene zimapita mu mlengalenga. Haidrojeni mankhwala enaake chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zitsulo ndi chakudya makampani.

Asidiyu amachititsa amayaka, koma makamaka zoopsa maso ake kukhudzana.

asidi phosphoric

Phosphoric asidi (H ₃ PO ₄₎ - ndi katundu wake ofooka acid. Koma ngakhale zidulo ofooka akhoza kukhala katundu amphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, H ₃ PO ₄ ntchito makampani kwa kuchepetsa dzimbiri chitsulo. Komanso, forsfornaya (kapena phosphoric) asidi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ulimi - zikhale za zosiyanasiyana feteleza.

Katundu zidulo ofanana kwambiri - zayamba aliyense wa iwo ndi zoipa kwa thupi, H ₃ PO ₄ yotero. Mwachitsanzo, asidi izi kumachititsanso zilonda zamoto, magazi kuchokera mphuno, komanso mano n'chochepa.

asidi carbonic

H ₂ NKHA ₃ - asidi ofooka. Iwo akamagwira Kutha NKHA ₂ (mpweya woipa) mu H ₂ O (madzi). asidi Carbonic ntchito zamoyo ndi sayansi.

Kachulukidwe zidulo osiyana

asidi kachulukidwe amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu zigawo ongolankhula ndi othandiza zimapangidwira. Chifukwa cha chidziwitso cha kachulukidwe tingadziwire ndende asidi ina, masamu kuthetsa mavuto mankhwala ndi kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa asidi kuchita anachita. Kachulukidwe asidi aliyense zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndende. Mwachitsanzo, zazikulu ndende ya anthu, m'pamenenso osalimba.

The katundu ambiri zidulo

Mwamtheradi zinthu zonse asidi ndi zovuta (i.e., zigwirizana zinthu zingapo tebulo nthawi), Choncho kwenikweni monga mu kapangidwe kake H (haidrojeni). Kenako, tikambirana za katundu mankhwala zidulo, amene anenera:

1. Onse asidi mpweya (amene ali pano pa dongosolo O) inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka kuwonongeka kwa madzi, ndipo ndi okusayidi acidic. anoxic A Choncho linakwiriridwa mu zinthu chosavuta (mwachitsanzo, 2HF amaola mu F ₂ ndi H _2).
2. Acid-oxidants anatani ndi zitsulo pakati pa zitsulo ntchito (okhawo ili kumanzere kwa H).
3. Kucheza ndi mchere zosiyanasiyana, koma iwo amene anapanga asidi ofooka kwambiri.

The thupi katundu zidulo amasiyana zikuchepa Chrixitu. Ndipotu, akhale fungo, ndipo mulibe icho, koma kukhala mu maiko osiyanasiyana loitanirana: madzi, gaseous kapena olimba. N'zochititsa chidwi kwambiri kuphunzira asidi olimba. Zitsanzo zidulo kuti: C ₂ H ₂ 0 ₄ ndi H ₃ Bo _3.

ndende

Ndende ndi kuchuluka amene amasankha zikuchokera kachulukidwe wa njira iliyonse. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri zambiri zofunikira kudziwa asidi zingati mu kuchepetsa H _{2 4} sulfuric asidi koyera. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iwo anatsanulira pang'ono asidi kuchepetsa mu beaker ndi kulemedwa ndi osalimba anatsimikiza ndende tebulo. ndende asidi pang'ono cholukanalukana ndi mtima kachulukidwe kontsetratsii kawirikawiri ankakumana ntchito mawerengedwe kumene kuli kofunika kudziwa kuchuluka kwa asidi oyera njira.

Gulu ndi nambala ya asidi H maatomu mankhwala chilinganizo awo

Mmodzi wa classifications wotchuka kwambiri ndi kulekana zidulo, monobasic, dibasic ndi moyenera, zidulo tribasic. Zitsanzo zidulo monobasic: HNO ₃ (nitric acid), HCl (hydrochloric), HF (hydrofluoric) ndi ena. zidulo zimenezi zimatchedwa monobasic, popeza zikuchokera kwawo kuli mmodzi yekha atomu H. Pali zidulo ambiri, mwamtheradi zosatheka kukumbukira lililonse. Tiyenera yekha kumbukirani kuti chidulo zimagawidwa ndi chiwerengero cha H maatomu mu dongosolo lawo. Anafotokozedwa chimodzimodzi ndi diacids. Zitsanzo: H ₄ CHONCHO ₂ (sulfuric acid), H ₂ S (haidrojeni sulfide), H ₂ NKHA ₃ (malasha), ndipo ena. Tribasic: H ₃ PO ₄ (phosphoric acid).

Waukulu gulu zidulo

Mmodzi wa classifications wotchuka zidulo ndi kugawanitsa iwo mu mpweya ndi mpweya-free. Kodi kukumbukira, posadziwa mankhwala opangidwa ndi mankhwala kuti ndi mpweya munali asidi?

Ife zidulo onse a hydrogen mu zikuchokera si zofunika mchitidwe O - mpweya, koma monga mbali ya H. Choncho pali mu dzina lawo nthawi zonse zimachitika ndi mawu akuti "wa hydrogen". HCl - ndi hydrochloric acid, ndi H ₂ S - sulfide wa hydrogen.

Komanso mayina kislosoderzhaschih zidulo akhoza kulemba mfundo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chiwerengero cha O atomu mfundo - 4 kapena 3 ndiye nthawi anawonjezera kuti dzina suffix -n- ndi kutha -aya-:

• H _{2 4} - asidi sulfuric (nambala ya ma atomu - 4);
• H ₂ SiO ₃ - pakachitsulo (nambala ya ma atomu - 3).

Ngati nkhaniyo ndi osachepera atatu maatomu mpweya, kapena atatu, mutu -ist- suffix ntchito:

• HNO ₂ - nitrous;
• H _{2 3} - sulfurous.

katundu Common

zidulo onse ndi wowawasa kukoma, ndipo nthawi zambiri pang'ono zachitsulo. Koma pali zina zofanana, limene ife tsopano tikambirane.

Pali zinthu otchedwa zizindikiro. Zizindikiro kusintha mtundu, kapena mtundu lakuti, koma amasintha hue ake. Izi zimachitika pa nthawi imene LEDs ndi pa zinthu zina iliyonse monga acid.

Chitsanzo cha kusintha mtundu atumikire monga bwino kuti mankhwala ambiri monga tiyi, ndi citric acid. Pamene kuponya tiyi mandimu tiyi Kenako anayamba kuchepetsa kwambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mandimu lili citric acid.

Pali zitsanzo zina. Litmus, amene akutembenukira wofiira mu ndale sing'anga ali ndi chibakuwa, kuwonjezera acid amathiridwa.

Mu zimene zidulo ndi zitsulo mu mndandanda electromotive kwa thovu mpweya wa hydrogen zigwire - H. Komabe, ngati chubu anaikidwa ndi zitsulo asidi amene ali mavuto pambuyo mzere H, ndiye palibe anachita zidzachitika, gasi kusanduka adzakhala. Mwachitsanzo, mkuwa, siliva, Mercury, pulatinamu ndi golide kuchita ndi zidulo simuli.

M'nkhaniyi, ife anayang'ana pa wotchuka zidulo mankhwala, komanso mbali yaikulu ndi zosiyana.