Mnazareti Dekart: MBIRI ndi mfundo zazikulu

Akatswiri ambiri a mbiri ya nzeru ndi zapamwamba woyambitsa Mnazareti Dekarta chi kumadzulo nzeru. wotchuka Mnazareti Dekart ndi chiyani? Wambiri ndi malingaliro zikuluzikulu za sayansi, masamu, sayansi anafotokoza m'nkhani pansipa.

Childhood ndi unyamata

Mnazareti Dekart anabadwa mu banja losauka wolemekezeka ndipo anali mwana womaliza m'banja la ana atatu. Ndinatuluka ndi agogo akuchikazi, monga bambo wake, Ioahim Dekart, anali woweruza mu mzinda wina, ndipo mayi ake, Zhanna Broshar anamwalira Mnazareti anali simudafikire zaka ziwiri. Achipembedzo malangizo mnyamata pa sukulu wachikatolika wa La kung'anima. Kuyambira ali mwana anali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndipo anayamba kulowerera oyambirira mu masamu. Mu 1616 Mnazareti Dekart analandira digiri yoyamba.

Mnazareti Dekart. Wambiri. Dutch nthawi

Titamaliza yunivesite, wasayansi tsogolo aenda kamenyana. Pa nthawi imene ku usilikali, anapita angapo otentha mawanga kuti nthawi: kuzinga La Rochelle, ulimi mu Netherlands, kumenyana Prague mu zaka makumi atatu nkhondo. Atabwerera ku Descartes pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo kupita ku Netherlands, monga France, Ajezwiti adamnenera Iye chisokonezo kwa freethinking.

Mu Holland, wasayansi wakhala zaka 20. M'zaka zimenezi, kafukufuku wa sayansi walenga Descartes ndipo lofalitsidwa ntchito angapo amene akhala kwambiri kuti nzeru zake.

• "The World" (1634)
• "Nkhani pa Njira" (1637)
• "Kulingalira pa Choyamba Philosophy ..." (1641)
• "Mfundo za Philosophy" (1644)

Society unagawidwa pawiri: amene chidwi ndi amene anadabwa ndi anapeza Mnazareti Dekart.

Mwachidule yonena za sayansi mwadzaza atulukira ndi ntchito, koma za moyo wake pang'ono kwambiri amadziwika. Descartes anali wosakwatira. Kodi kudziwika ndi mu 1635 mwana wake Francine anabadwa. Amayi ake anali mtumiki wa sayansi ya. Mnazareti Dekart ndi kutikonda kwambiri msungwana wamng'ono anali osatheka kuwatonthoza ndi kwa nthawi yaitali, pamene iye anafa mwadzidzidzi fever pa zaka 5. Monga chachilendo ndi zofatsa munthu, nzeru zapamwamba anatembenuka wachikondi ndi bambo wachikondi.

Mpingo wa Holland osankhika sanathe amakhulupirira wasayansi freethinking. Pa moyo wake ankazunzidwa. Dutch nthawi si zosiyana. Mu France, Kadinala Richelieu ololedwa kusindikiza matalikidwe ake, koma azamulungu Protestant wa Netherlands woyikidwa temberero pa iye.

kadzutsa nthawi

Mu 1649 Mnazareti Dekart pa pempho Loti wa Mfumukazi Christina ya Sweden, nathawitsidwa ndi Dutch kusaka, anasamukira ku Stockholm. Mu 1649 anapita buku la ntchito yake "The masautso a moyo."

Moyo pa bwalo, nayenso, sizinali zophweka: mfumukazi ngakhale wakhala mtundu wasayansi, koma nthawi zambiri anali tsegula ntchito yake aluntha. Pankhaniyi, thanzi nzeru zapamwamba (kale ofooka) zina sakuyenda mu nyengo nkhanza kumpoto. Relations ndi wasayansi ndi mpingo mabodza kwathunthu.

Malinga ndi Baibulo boma Mnazareti Dekart anafa pa February 11 anakhazikitsidwa mu 1650, anadwala ndi chibayo. Pali nkhambakamwa kuti pomudyetsanso poizoni. Pambuyo pa zaka 17, zotsalira za nzeru zapamwamba chachikulu pa pempho la France anasamuka ku Sweden ndi reburied mu nyumba yopemphereramo wa Saint-Germain.

Kutanthauza Descartes - woyambitsa rationality

Woyambitsa wa rationalism akuti ndi René Dekart. Mfundo zikuluzikulu m'munda wa nzeru akhoza mwachidule ananena motere.

• Scientist hypothesized za modes waukulu wa mankhwala ndi makhalidwe.
• Descartes anasonyeza kuti maganizo kudziwa chimachititsa kwambiri.
• Iye ndi woyambitsa wa chiphunzitso cha dualism, imene kuyanjanitsa zinthu zakuthupi ndi idealist nzeru.
• Descartes kuika patsogolo chiphunzitso cha "maganizo titadziwa."

Chiphunzitso cha mankhwala

Mu ndondomeko ya kuphunzira vuto aliko, umunthu wake kukonza maganizo mankhwala, lomwe linalembedwa ndi René Dekart. Mfundo zikuluzikulu za sayansi ndi zochokera lingaliro ili.

Mankhwala - ndi onse amene alipo ndipo sizikusoweka kuti kulibe chilichonse koma yekha. khalidwe limeneli ali yekha wosatha, sakhoza analengedwa, wamphamvuyonse Ambuye. Iye chifukwa ndi gwero la zonse. Mulungu, yemwe ndi Mlengi analenga dziko, nawonso, cha zinthu zomwe ndi khalidwe yemweyo: palibe kufunika kuli chilichonse koma yekha. Poyerekezera ndi mzake kulengedwa mankhwala kudzidalira, ndi Ambuye - ndi sekondale.

Descartes ukugawa mankhwala analengedwa pa chuma (zinthu), ndi uzimu (lingaliro). Pakuti sekondale zinthu zakuthupi khalidwe la Tambasula (kutalika muyeso). Iwo divisible kwa osawerengeka. Wauzimu Creation mankhwala, malinga ndi lingaliro nzeru zapamwamba, ndipo ndi chizindikiro cha maganizo. Iwo ali limodzi.

Man limatuluka pamwamba onse mu chikhalidwe cha zimene wapangidwa ndi zinthu ziwiri: osauka mwauzimu. Choncho, munthu dualistic. Zofunika ndi chinthu chauzimu mmenemo muli ofanana. Choncho anamuwona, "korona wa chilengedwe" Mnazareti Dekart. Malingaliro a sayansi anaganiza dualism nzeru za funso wosatha wa nchiyani chimabwera poyamba: Nkhani kapena chikumbumtima.

Chitsimikizo cha ulamuliro wa chifukwa

"Ine ndikuganiza, chotero ine ndine" - mlembi aphorism lotchuka Mnazareti Dekart. Major atulukira nzeru zachokera zopanda ya ulamuliro wa chifukwa.

M'zinthu zonse angakayikire Choncho, pali chikaiko weniweni ndi sakusowekera umboni. Kukayika - katundu uyu akuganiza. Wosakayika munthu amaganizira. Motero, munthu kulidi Akuganizira. Kuganizira - ntchito za maganizo Choncho, maziko a moyo chabe maganizo.

deduction Descartes

Wasayansi adafotokoza ntchito njira deduction , osati masamu ndi sayansi, koma mu nzeru. "Kuti kusintha nzeru kuchokera handicrafts kwa mafakitale" - ichi ndi ntchito chompatsa Mnazareti Dekart. Dziko limene ankakhala (makamaka Ajezwiti), sanatenge chiphunzitso chake.

Nazi mfundo zikuluzikulu za njira imeneyi epistemological:

• ofotokoza kafukufuku okha kudziwa odalirika ndi chiweruzo, si chipeneko;
• kugawanitsa vuto zovuta m'magulu;
• kusuntha kwa yosadziŵika wodziwika ndi kuwonedwa ndi unproven;
• kutsatira ndondomeko okhwima, kupewa imfa ya limasonyeza zomveka wa unyolo.

Chiphunzitso cha "maganizo titadziwa"

Chofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha nzeru, analandira chiphunzitso cha "maganizo titadziwa," wolemba wa amenenso Mnazareti Dekart. Mfundo zikuluzikulu ndi ziphunzitso zopanda:

• kudziwa kwambiri zimatheka ndi deduction, koma pali chidziwitso kuti sikutanthauza umboni - "titadziwa maganizo";
• iwo anawagawa mfundo (mwachitsanzo, munthu, thupi, Mulungu, etc.) ndi chiweruzo (mwachitsanzo, lonse kuposa gawo).

Mnazareti Dekart. Wambiri: Chidwi Mfundo

• Zaka 20 okhala mu Netherlands Mnazareti Dekart ankakhala mizinda yake yonse.
• I. P. Pavlov ankaona anayambitsa Mnazareti Dekarta kwao, kotero anapereka kutsogolo kwa zasayansi nzeru zapamwamba wake chipilala.
• GCAP Descartes makalata A, B ndi C kutanthauza zokhazikika, ndiponso makalata lotsiriza la zilembo Latin - zosintha.
• Pa mwezi pali Chigwa dzina la wasayansi wamkulu.
• Swedish Koroleva Kristina kuchilakalaka m'mawa uliwonse kuchita chimodzimodzi Mnazareti Dekart. Wambiri wasayansi lili ndi mfundo zimene iye anali kuchita kudzuka asanu m'mawa.
• Pamene reburial a zotsalira za nzeru zapamwamba za anapeza akusowa chigaza, lomwe ndi limodzi analephera kuufotokoza.
• Ngakhale kuti mpaka pano Baibulo boma cha imfa ya sayansi ndi ankaona kuti chibayo, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti anaphedwa. Mu 1980s panali umboni poyizoni ndi Arsenic Mnazareti Dekarta.