20 Congress Party wa ndi phindu lake. Nikity Hruscheva lipoti "umunthu Cult ndi zotsatira zake"

Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev mpaka pano ya kanjedza kwambiri enigmatic ndi kusiyana maganizo mbiri Russian. Ndi pamene izo zinachitika otchedwa "m'firiji pamtunda" timakhala ndi dziko capitalist, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, dziko Anapachikidwa mu muyezo nkhondo. Iye anayamba kulamulira, pokhala mtima ndi Stalin, koma atamwalira otsiriza doused ndi matope mutu chala atawerenga lipoti pa Kulambira umunthu ndi zotsatira zake.

I. V. Stalin, kapena tanthauzo la "umunthu anthu"

Poona chotero nkhani zovuta zomwe zimakhudzidwanso ndi zambiri pa zotsatira za munthu wosakwatiwa pa mkati ndi kunja chitukuko cha deralo, funso n'lakuti, kodi munthu uyu? Masiku ano anthu akukhulupirira kuti munthu sangakhoze kusintha chitukuko cha dziko lonse ndi anthu onse. Komabe, ngati ena a mitundu analipo a mphamvu imatheka, makamaka ngati munthuyo ali volitional makhalidwe okwezeka kuwalola akulimbikitsa maganizo awo, ie, "Khulupirikani kwa mzere awo."

Kuyambira 20s, pa mutu wa boma la Soviet anakumana ndi amphamvu umunthu - I. V. Stalin. Iye anali wakutha kuwagwira zoyesayesa zake kusintha bwino mapangidwe za ulamuliro wankhanza. mphamvu zonse nkhaniyi mu manja a mtsogoleri wa MCP, ndipo utsogoleri anali "mu nyumba" kuchokera Stalin yekha. Kwa zaka 30 wa nthawi kulamulira Soviet anatha ukasintha kusintha ndale, chuma ndi chikhalidwe muzochitika za dziko. N'zoona, iye anali kwambiri. Koma mochuluka sanali kokha mfundo zabwino. Pakhala zoopsa woipa mtima nkhanza, n'zovuta kupeza chowiringula.

Nikita Khrushchev awa mbali zonse zoipa ntchito zake zandale kuvumbula zonse: "wake" ndi "anthu akunja", kotero kuti m'mbuyomu amasangalala kwambiri ndipo anawombera m'manja. Pa Union chomwecho Soviet izo wakhala kwambiri mavuto aakulu mkati dziko.

Popeza imfa ya Stalin wakhala zaka zoposa 60. nthawi ndi zokwanira kudziwa malo ake mu mbiri ya dziko lapansi monga States a. Nthawi amasunga kunja zosiyanasiyana "zinyalala yoona" ndi kukhala zofunika kwambiri - zopereka.

Masiku ano, pali mbiri yakale amene kulemba za chigonjetso ndi zopereka Stalin mu chitukuko ndi kukwezedwa, anaphedwa mu moto nkhondo yapachiweniweni, boma Russian. Choncho nthawi kuti aone chenicheni Stalin ngati umunthu pagulu. Ngati mukukumbukira Peter Ine, kuti zinali pamene si ang'onoang'ono upandu, koma mbiri ya dziko ali ngwazi yadziko, vyvevshim Russia pa mlingo dziko. Zedi, zaka, Stalin analinso ngwazi, koma muyenera kupita ena kalekale.

kupululutsa

20 Congress a chipani anali mmodzi mwa anthu ochepa zochitika yochepa mbiri mmene lalikulu lochokera ndale ndi maganizo pa zinthu zonse za anthu - ndi mphamvu kuti akhale ndi nzika wamba. Zawachititsa kuti kusintha ofunika boma yaikulu - USSR. Koma iyo inali chiyembekezo cha uthenga yakale imeneyi?

Dziko linali mu kulamulira kwathunthu. boma akhoza kuthandizapo ngakhale za munthu nzika iliyonse. Ndipo ngakhale munthu akugwira udindo wapamwamba anthu, sakanakhoza kukhala bata moyo wake ndi ntchito, komanso banja lake.

Pa Civil nkhondo, ndipo mu 20 ntchentche za m'ma XX, boma la Soviet anawononga angathe lonse chikhalidwe cha anthu kamodzi kwambiri kuyambira. M'zaka panali ya nkhondo yeniyeni ya chikhalidwe cha boma Russian. otchuka inapsa monga gulu. Atsogoleri chitsekedwe - kuwombera, kupachikidwa, kumenyedwa kwa imfa, makumi, mazana ndi zikwi kudutsa dziko. Ogwira ntchito, monga khalidwe makhalidwe a munthu, anali awonongedwe mu Mphukira - ndi bourgeoisie ndi amphawi olemera anayesedwa zibakera, kutenga anthu "chuma." Iwo anapatsidwa pa chifundo yasintha mwaukali kuti proletariat lapansi. gawo la mikango angathe aluntha, amene anagwirizira Russian ufumu, "tidapita" ku West. Russian olemba ndi asayansi apeza kwawo chachiwiri "kumeneko" kunja kuchoka mantha wofiira. Stalin, monga mmodzi mwa nduna za pamwamba boma latsopano, anali akukhudzidwa ndi izi, kotero XX Congress wa CPSU kunali kusonyeza zenizeni zimene zikuchitika m'dzikoli.

The umodzi wa Stalin, "Stalinism"

The Chifukwa cha pamwamba anali pafupifupi onse a anthu. Ndipo osati mawu a chuma ayi, koma mu chikhalidwe ndi ozindikira. Chitsutso kwa mapeto a 30s sanali kunena - izo basi akhali penepo tayu. Nzika zonse ziweto kukhala mutu wa kulondola kwa njira osankhidwa a chitukuko cha Party Communist. Nzika okha kupha ankakayikira za zotuluka pa kanthu. Panali ulamuliro osalembedwa pa tebulo kuti akamufunsirire Tilandire "chifukwa Stalin" ndipo onse anamtsata. Nthabwala zinali zoopsa ngakhale kulosera chinachake chimene inu mukhoza "kutenga", zinali pafupi zosatheka. Ndi zonse izi, n'zotheka amabweretsa anecdote za masiku amenewo:

"Khala, atatu mwa kamera.

- chiyani kuika?

- nthabwala anauza. Ndipo inu?

- ndinamvetsera anecdote lapansi.

- Comrade, ndipo ndinu apa?

- Pakuti aulesi! Anali pakampaniyo, Ine ndinamumva anecdote. Ine ndinapita kunyumba ndipo ndinaganiza: kukanena kapena lipoti. Aulesi, osati lipoti. Ndipo amene si waulesi kwambiri. "

Izi, ndithudi, ndi anecdote. Koma iwo amati, zochepa za nthabwala uliwonse nthabwala kumeneko. Pamene anthu ambirimbiri ali m'misasa. Ngati aliyense, pafupifupi banja wataya winawake mamembala awo. Koma palibe sanauze aliyense. Zinali zoopsa atsegule pakamwa pake kamodzinso. 20 Congress a chipani anali kufika kumene, panali mwayi kukambirana zinthu zoipa, makamaka Stalin.

Pa view zinali zazikulu basi Stalinist nyumba - ulimi, makampani anayamba mofulumira kwambiri. Kulikonse anapachika zithunzi ndi nkhope osangalala nzika Soviet ndi kuyitana chidaliro ntchito.

Ndi mbali yotsala ya dziko la Soviet Union anali olekanitsidwa - mfundo anatseka misewu, wailesi yachilendo anthu osati amapatutsidwa chifukwa analibe mawailesi yochepa yoweyula. Onse a media imvera mfundo ndi mabodza odzaza.

Kutsutsa Stalinism sanawonekere balamanthu - izo kuchiyankhula, koma woyamba anayamba izo sanali Khrushchev, zinali Beria, koma sanazimve chilichonse. Nikita wake "amamenya".

"Commission Pospelov"

Nikita kale kukonzekera Congress izi. Chidwi chake pang'ono kuti ambiri a ku uchimo ndi malipoti a comrades awo. Iye anali ndi chidwi funso limodzi lokha - lipoti pa Stalin Munthu mpatuko. Kuti tichite zimenezi, Khrushchev nthawi yayikulu ntchito kukonzekera. Choyamba, anakopa kasamalidwe onse pamwamba pa kufunika kwa kuwunika kwa milandu ya "mtsogoleri." Akutsatiridwa ndi gulu lapadera unakhazikitsidwa, kenako amatchedwa "Commission Pospelov."

Ntchito analankhula nkhani ya konzanso nzika mozemba okhudzidwa zida USSR Stalinist. Mmodzi wa mboni zofunika kwambiri zochitika anali mkaidi Boris Rhodes. Pansi Stalin, iye anali wofufuzayo wokhudza kwambiri za MGB, ndipo anali mmodzi mwa asangalatsi pamwamba pa ndondomeko zokhudza "ndale," umene unachitika mu 40s lapansi. mawu ake anatsimikizira mantha Stalin pa anthu awo ndi, makamaka, ogwira ntchito chipani ndi a boma. Ndipo iye anaumirira udindo generalissimo, koma Mulimonsemo palibe kanjedza ndale. Khrushchev kamodzi izo zinali zoyenera. Ngakhale kuti ankadziwa kuti onse akuluakulu okalamba chipani ndi atsogoleri a mgwirizano mayiko ali ndi udindo zinachitika chimodzimodzi Stalin. Ndipotu, iwo anali akuchita "malire" ndipo anapempha mtsogoleri wa polandirira msonkho watsopano "malire" mu kumangidwa zonse.

Kukonzekera XX Congress

Kukonzekera kwa lipoti la Khrushchev pa XX Congress wa CPSU sizinachitike bwino. Kamodzi usavutike mtsutso pa nkhani ya ziyenera a Stalin yekha. Molotov okhulupirika kwa mtsogoleri wakale, iye ananena kuti "ngakhale zonse, Stalin ndi continuer woona wa chifukwa Lenin a", iye anapeza mfundo ku Voroshilov ndi Kaganovich. Saburov ndi Mikoyan M'malo mwake, iye mlandu maganizo odana chikominisi ndi, Chofunika kwambiri, kanthu. maganizo Khrushchev unali wosiyana. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti Stalin adampereka zokomera onse, koma zochita zake zonse ankachiritsa zakutchire, yankhanza. Iye si Marxist, anati Khrushchev, Oyera Mtima, ndiye munthu, anawononga zokhumba zawo zonse anagonjetsedwa.

"Pospelov Commission" wawakonzera lipoti mwachidule kwa mwezi wa nkhani Stalin amachita chifukwa 1935-1940 gg. Pali wokhala mu zithunzi zawo nkhanza. deta zonse zapatsidwa pogwiritsa zikalata archival, kotero ife tinali oposa mtima. Makamaka, ziwerengero anatchula oposa 1.5. Man anamangidwa chifukwa 1937-38., About 700 zikwi za iwo akadaphedwa! Komanso amapereka ziwerengero pa chiwonongeko cha Party ndi utsogoleri Soviet. Chirichonse utoto mwachindunji boma zinthu kusonyeza chithunzi chonse zinthu pa dziko ndi zonse za kumangidwa, kupondereza ndiponso kunyongedwa.

February 9, 1956, T. E. Sabata isanayambe msonkhano, ripoti anakamba kuti Presidium m'Komiti ya Central. holo anadabwa kwambiri ndi zimene anamva ndi funso anaukitsidwa za kufunika kochita zimenezi kuwerenga. 20 Party Congress anali mwachidule kukhudza pa ntchito ya zaka zambiri Stalin Komabe, monga kunapezeka, mwapadera anaika pa Iye.

Chadzulo msonkhanowo, mwachitsanzo. E. February 13, anaganiza msonkhano wapadera, amene adzapulumutsa lipoti Khrushchev. Only 18 lemba la mawu linakonzedwa ndi Pospelov ndi Aristov, koma Nikita Sergeyevich iwo sankamvetsa kuvomereza Choncho younikanso anayamba. Tsiku lotsatira, Khrushchev anaitanitsa stenographer ndipo malinga buku la lipotilo. Baibulo limeneli linali osakaniza zambiri, "Pospelov Commission" ndi zifukwa munthu ndi mawunikidwe Khrushchev.

20 Party Congress

Tsiku la Congress 14,02 - 02.25.1956. Pafupi masabata awiri zapita zimene zinachitikazo, anangopanga lake lomaliza mbiri tsiku - 25 February. Ndi pamene Khrushchev kuwerenga wotchuka mawu ake chinsinsi. Koma tiyeni onse mu dongosolo. Chochitika 20 Party Congress zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri wosiyana.

Woyamba inkakhala misonkhano 19 pagulu. gawo ili si wosiyana kwa ena msonkhano wa chipanichi unachitikira. Monga ulamuliro, mbiri ya wokamba nkhani aliyense anayamba kutamanda ntchito ya Party Communist anatsatira pambuyo lipotilo. Ine ndiyenera kunena, malipoti onse anali kusataya mungoli ndi chinyezimiro cha mphamvu zabwino kwambiri za ntchito m'munda wa chipani ndi zigawo. Zinaoneka kuti chipani akugwira ntchito m'njira. Komabe, zoona, kuyambira 1952 izo zinayamba kuonekera zolephera kwambiri ndi zolakwa.

Mu chilungamo, ziyenera anati Kuwonjezera kutamanda chipani ndi mtsogoleri wakale Iosifa Stalina, okamba nkhani ena anasonyeza kutsutsa. Makamaka, Anastas Mikoyan anapereka ziyenera zoipa "Short Ndithudi" ndi mabuku Stalin, wotsegula mbiri ya Great October kuukira boma ndi zotsatira nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi mbiri ya boma Soviet. Ine ndiyenera kunena mawu amenewa anathandiza pa congresses, ndipo palibe zodabwitsa mu chakuti Mikoyan sanapeze thandizo mwa awo omwe analipo. Mumadziwika academician Pankratova Limanenanso kuti mfundo za falsification wa mbiri.

Tatseka zokambirana ndi "chinsinsi lipoti" Khrushchev

Gawo lachiwiri la msonkhano inali fateful pa chitukuko wa USSR ndi anthu Soviet. Tanena kuti magawo awiri a Congress lokwanira - ndithu. Mbali yoyamba unatenga masiku 11 ndipo kenanso kapena zazing'ono izo sizinachitike. Gawo lachiwiri zinachitika pa tsiku lomaliza la msonkhano wa. Nikita Khrushchev kuwerenga "chinsinsi lipoti", omwe anayambitsa holo mu mkhalidwe stupor ndi mantha kwambiri. Iye debunked bodza Stalin Munthu mpatuko , ndipo anamuika waukulu ndi kokha ponena za repressions misa ndi nkhanza zina pa zaka anakhala mu mphamvu, mwachitsanzo. E. Kwa zaka zonse 30. N'zosadabwitsa, anaganiza yoperekera ndi mtsutso ndi kukambirana za lipoti - mu holo panali chete mwakufa mu lipoti, ndipo pambuyo pake panalibe chimwemwe, zomwe zinali zachilendo kwa zinthu zimenezi.

Molondola ndendende zimene Khrushchev anauza anthu, pamene sanapatsidwe mwayi. Kusindikizidwa lemba watsikira kwa ife, izo lolembedwa ndi CD tepi pa mfundo imeneyi nthawi sinafike wapezeka. Koma Popeza improvisation, lipoti "umunthu Cult ndi zotsatira zake" zingasiyane lemba, amene linayamba kulemera kwa Buku wanu.

Zotsatira ndiponso mmene anthu kuti "chinsinsi lipoti"

Unikani mmene mawu Khrushchev pa msonkhano 20 zovuta. Anthu amakonda "kupopa" ngakhale wina ndi mzake. Mpaka February 25, 1956, Stalin anali "mafano", ngakhale kulephera kwake ndale osati kulankhula, ndipo makamaka pa nkhanza zotheka anachita ndi iwo. Zonsezi anauza 20 Party Congress. tanthauzo lake mbiri anali sizimadziwika. Ambiri mwina, ngakhale Khrushchev ndinalibe lingaliro lotani anachitapo.

anthu unagawidwa mu lipoti wounikira pawiri - wina anachita "chifukwa" ndipo anapereka kupitiriza ntchito umenewu, gawo lachiwiri wachita zikuchepa ndi ofufuza za mtsogoleri wa nthawi zonse ndi mitundu.

Komiti ku Central analandira makalata ndi zolemba, komwe akufuna kupitiriza ntchito debunking ndi "nthano wa Stalin." Panali maganizo osiyana kwa chiwalo chipani kulankhula, ndi za nkhaniyi.

Pamene misa anaphunzira za mbiri yake imeneyi? Chinthu ndi kuti mwamsanga pamene inatha 20 Congress Party wa Communist, anayamba ndawala zikuluzikulu kuti anthu a magulu onse malemba a mawu Khrushchev ali.

Pambuyo pake, panali mafunso okhudza kumbali ya kupeza thupi la Stalin pafupi Lenin. Panali maganizo kwa konzanso a boma anaumitsa, Trotsky, Bukharin, Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rakovsky. Kupatula iwo, panali anthu masauzande ambiri zotsatsa pa kubwerera kwa dzina zabwino ndikuletsa mlandu nzika Soviet.

The zochitika miyandamiyanda ku Tbilisi

Nthawi zina zinali zochitika mu Tbilisi, limene spawned 20 Party Congress. 1956 anabweretsa tsoka kwa anthu Chijojiya. Nikita Sergeyevich anayenera kumvetsa zimene zingachititse iye mawu osasamala. Georgia anali kwawo Stalin. Panthawi anali ndi mphamvu, anali ndi ulamuliro kuti anayamba kutchedwa demigod nakhala anafa. Mwa njira, lero naye Georgia ndi wa kufunika makamaka. lipoti chinsinsicho kuwerenga pa mapeto a February 1956, ndipo mu March anayamba zipolowe misa.

Khrushchev angatumize ku Georgia anakumana ochirikiza, amene akhoza onse "ufulu" kufotokoza ndi kudziwitsa anthu. Koma Khrushchev anali nacho chidwi - anatumiza gulu Chilango. The chifukwa - kwambiri magazi okhetsedwa. Ndipo lero Georgia Khrushchev anakumbukira mawu oipa.

Tanthauzo la m'mbiri

lipoti Khrushchev anali zotsatira losanganikirana. Choyamba, zinali chiyambi cha democratization mu boma - yoletsedwa kupondereza ndi mantha nkhondo phwando. Koma, nthawi yomweyo, boma safuna kupatsa anthu ambiri ufulu kanthu. Pakali pano, achinyamata, monga gawo lalikulu pang'onopang'ono kwa anthu a, kumvetsa zochitika ndale, mosiyana. Iye amakhulupirira kuti pamene ukapolo wa m'mbuyomu, wabwera ufulu weniweni.

Koma kunali kulakwitsa. Khrushchev ankafuna kubwezeretsa chirichonse, kuti achepetse njira yowonongeka, koma inali itachedwa kale, ndipo tsopano akuyenera kusintha zochitika zomwe zikuchitika ku demokalase.

Utsogoleri wa chipani sunasinthe kuchokera pa izi - iwo anakhalabe ofanana, koma aliyense amafuna, ngati momwe angathere kuti aziimba mlandu Stalin ndi Beria, potero amawonetsa ntchito zawo powwala kwambiri.

Chisankho cha congress cholengeza "mbiri yachinsinsi" ya Khrushchev chinachititsa kusintha kwakukulu, koma ngakhale atsogoleri apamwamba sanamvetse zotsatira za izi. Zotsatira zake, ndondomeko yowononga chikhalidwe cha boma cha chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe chonse chinayamba.

The Thaw

Gawo lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma 50 - pakati pa makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu makumi asanu ndi limodzi za m'ma 2000 linalowa mbiri yakale, monga nthawi ya Khrushchev. Ino ndi nthawi ya kusintha kwa USSR ku chigawenga ku chinthu china chofanana ndi demokalase. Pakhala kusintha kwa ubale ndi dziko la capitalist, "Iron Curtain" yakhala yotheka kwambiri. Pansi pa Khrushchev, phwando lina la achinyamata padziko lonse linakhazikitsidwa ku Moscow.

Chizunzo cha antchito a chipani chinaimitsidwa, ambiri omwe adatsutsidwa ndi Stalin adakonzedwanso. Pambuyo pokhapokha atakonzedwanso, nzika zodziwika zinadziwika. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, panali zifukwa za anthu osamvera, omwe anali a Chichenchen, Ingush, Ajeremani ndi ena ambiri.

Amphawiwa adamasulidwa ku "ukapolo wamtundu umodzi," ndipo sabata yothandizira inathetsedwa. Anthuwa adalimbikitsidwa, zomwe zinakhudza kwambiri chuma cha dziko. Padziko lonse lapansi anayamba ntchito yomanga nyumba. Ndipo mpaka lero palibe mu Russia ndi mayiko ena omwe kale anali Union wa mzindawo, momwe palibe ngakhale "Khrushchev" imodzi.

Bungwe la 20 la Congress la Party silinali kokha kuchitika kwa intra-Soviet, komanso ku dziko lonse lapansi. Kuyankhula pa msonkhano umenewu, Khrushchev anakhululukidwa zambiri - zochitika za Hungary, kupha anthu ku Tbilisi ndi Novocherkassk, kuyamikiridwa kwa kumadzulo kwa West, kuchitapo kanthu kwake mwachangu pazochita zowonongeka pazaka za ulamuliro wa Stalin, chikhalidwe chosautsa ndi chonyansa kwa anzeru. M'zaka za perestroika, panali ngakhale zopempha kuti apite Nikita Sergeyevich pansi pa mapazi a Kremlin khoma. Inde, ndithudi, adakhala dziko lapansi chifukwa cha kulankhula kotchuka. Ziri ngati Churchill pambuyo pa mawu a Fulton, omwe adalengeza kuyambika kwa Cold War, ndipo kamphindi anakhala pakati pa ndale zadziko.