Modern jurisprudence. Jurisprudence ndi maphunziro a zamalamulo

Milandu (kapena malamulo) sayansi amaphunzira malamulo ku boma. Ndi mbali ya dongosolo maphunziro kwa achilamulo ndi anthu ena amene ntchito chikugwirizana ndi bwalo.

kutanthauza jurisprudence

Lero, jurisprudence masiku ano mmodzi wa khalidwe lofunika kwambiri anthu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mu XX atumwi, anakhazikitsa lamulo lonse. zochitika zonse chikhalidwe zofunika mwanjira malamulo ena a boma. Iwo ikufotokoza jurisprudence awo. Knowledge kugwirizana nazo izo, zikukwaniritsidwa lachindunji kusankhidwa. Popanda achilamulo ndi achilamulo simungathe kulingalira ubale malamulo pakati pa boma ndi anthu.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, panopa dongosolo lonse la maphunziro malamulo, amene imapanganso akatswiri pachaka. Monga ulamuliro, maphunziro lagawidwa m'zinthu angapo. Mwachitsanzo, mu US, Mexico, UK ndi mayiko ena akuluakulu, gawo loyamba la maphunziro kumatenga zaka zitatu. Akamaliza ake wophunzirayo wolandira digiri yoyamba. Patatha chaka chimodzi wophunzira amakhala mphunzitsi wa chilamulo.

Magwero a Law

Ngakhale kalelo kunali sayansi malamulo, kapena m'malo prerequisites ake. Anabadwa ndipo anayamba monga kuchuluka kwa malamulo m'madera wakale. Nthawi zambiri, malamulo kugwirizana ndi chipembedzo. Mwachitsanzo, ku Yudeya anaphunzitsa malamulo a ochokera m'Baibulo.

Pa nthawi yomweyo anaonekera sukulu yoyamba Greece wakale, kumene anaphunzitsa sayansi malamulo m'njira zamakono. Mu ndondomeko analipo mabwalo nzeru zaumunthu, kumene, pamodzi ndi malamulo anaphunzitsa momveka bwino. Nkofunika kukumbukira kuti pamene mfundo "sayansi malamulo" anali limodzi ku chidziwitso chilengedwe. Kwa Agiriki akale kulibe amalanga aliyense osiyana. Amuna anzeru (nzeru ena) anaphunzira sayansi zonse mwakamodzi.

Ku Roma, jurisprudence anapatsidwa kutsogolera zina chitukuko. Poyamba mu mzinda uno ndi chidziwitso cha lamulo linali mwayi ansembe. Komabe, kale mu I m'ma AD ku Roma panali woyamba payekha malamulo sukulu, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi Sabine. Nthawi kafukufuku bungwe ili ndi wofanana ndi zaka 4. Pang'onopang'ono, sukulu izi zochokera ku mizinda ina yaikulu (Constantinople, Athens, Beirut ndi Alexandria).

malamulo a Aroma

Ku Rome, anabadwa dongosolo ano malamulo. paradaiso angapezeke aliyense malamulo ano. Kodi inu kutsindikiza kusunga nzeru imeneyi kwa zaka zambiri? Ndipotu, mu BC V atumwi. e. Rome anagwa, ndi lalikulu chitukuko onse wakale mbisoweka mwa anthu wakunja. Yankho lake ndi losavuta kwambiri. Mu ufumu wa Roma anali yovomerezeka malamulo m'malo - Byzantium. Ndi mu chikhalidwe ichi adzakhala nawobe dongosolo lomwelo malamulo ndi boma.

mfundo Zokonza anatengera ku Roma, lotchedwa lamulo la Aroma. Lero chilango ili ndi gawo kuvomerezedwa pulogalamu pa luso lililonse la malamulo. Mu zaka 530-533. Byzantium analengedwa ndi malamulo a Justinian, imene chidziwitso ichi chakhala systematized. Modern malamulo sayansi sipangakhalenso popanda chikalatachi. Iye imatchedwanso pansi pa dzina "Digesty".

Kufunika kwa malamulo a Roma

Mu lamulo la Aroma (ndipo kenaka "Digest") anali Ufumuyo malingaliro lofunika malamulo. Chief inali mfundo yakuti boma - chifukwa cha pangano lomwe linakhazikitsidwa pakati pa nzika. Kwa anthu a kukhazikitsidwa dziko ya dongosolo bwino boma M'pofunika kuthetsa mavuto zofunika chikhalidwe.

Mu Roma panali mfundo za chilungamo chimene chinachitika ndi chilungamo cha. Zinali kwa mlingo wofanana wa udindo wa nzika iliyonse kwa boma. Anthu akanakhoza kukhala m'madera chitukuko pokhapokha ngati ife kutenga malamulo ena oletsa zochita zophwanya ufulu wa anthu okhalamo. Amenewa anali malamulo. Connoisseurs malamulowa kukhala achilamulo ndi anthu kuteteza ku khoti ngati ufulu wawo anapezeka asokonekera.

Malamulo sayansi ku Russia ndi dziko lonse wamangidwa makamaka mfundo zimene opareshoni ngakhale maloya mu City Wamuyaya. Izi si choncho chachilendo, ngati inu mukuzindikira kuti kuyambira dongosolo la boma ndipo ubwenzi wake ndi anthu anakumana osati kusintha kwambiri.

Chilamulo Medieval Roma

Chakudya cha malamulo a Roma anali konsekonse. Anapitiriza ntchito ngakhale pambuyo boma la masiku amakedzana kale. chodabwitsa oterowo amatchedwa phwando malamulo a Aroma. Zimenezi ali m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kusintha malinga ndi boma.

Malamulo a Aroma akhoza kukhala chinthu kuphunzira ndemanga ndi kusanthula. Pankhaniyi, mfundo zake ndi malamulo si atenga mwachindunji. Anasankha yekha mfundo zimene zili m'malamulo panopa. Awa ndi zosavuta ndi wanzeru mtundu wa phwando.

Nthawi zina, malamulo a Roma angathe kumwedwa kwathunthu. Ntchito malamulo sayansi Pankhaniyi akufotokozera zimagwirira ntchito ndi malamulo, zimene zinathandiza kuti akhale ponseponse. Mwachitsanzo, maloya bwino mu France XIX m'ma ophatikizana ulamuliro wadziko ndi Aroma. Chifukwa cha ntchito imeneyi inali maziko wotchuka Napoleon Code. Iwo anatsindika kufunika ndi patsogolo ufulu wa nzika. Malamulo ambiri masiku ano mwina chimadzera m'chilamulo Roma, kapena pa anauyamba 1804 mu Code Napoleon mfundo.

Jurisprudence ku Russia

Zizindikiro zoyambirira za zikamera wa chilamulo monga sayansi mu Russia angapezeke mu zolemba za m'ma XVII. boma anakonza kuyambitsa chiphunzitso cha "chilungamo" mu Asilavo-Greek-Latin Academy. Iyo inali bungwe loyamba maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia. Koma mfundo imeneyi sichinayambe akuyendera.

Malamulo sayansi ndi mchitidwe wa Chilamulo chakhala zofunika m'nyengo ya Peter I. The Russian Tsar kusintha boma. malo onse akale m'malo mwa anzawo European. The "Table a maudindo" ndi zikalata zina malamulo moyo wa kalasi malamulo. State ntchito anakhala mwadongosolo. Komabe, zinthu zatsopano dziko anali akatswiri kofunika kumvetsa mfundo ndi ndondomeko mkati bureaucracy lapansi.

Choncho, 1715, Peter ndinayamba kukonzekera ntchito kulenga sukulu zapadera. Malinga ndi lingaliro, amishonale ake ankafunika ntchito mu maudindo ndi kuyan'ana kumbali ya ntchito yawo. Komabe, malamulo zoweta anayamba kuphunzitsa kwina.

The zikamera wa maphunziro zoweta malamulo

Mu 1725 ku Russian Academy of Sciences unakhazikitsidwa. 60 m za m'ma XVIII, makoma ake anali kuphunzitsa chikhazikitso cha jurisprudence ndi sayansi ndale. Ana a St. Petersburg koyamba kumva kuti sayansi malamulo. Ntchito ya kudziwa izi anali wanzeru kwambiri. Zinali m'zaka XVIII, panali kuwonjezeka zikusintha bureaucracy, omwe sakanakhoza kukhala zothandiza ngati ziwalo zake sindikumvetsa dongosolo la dziko ndi lamulo.

Utayambika yunivesite ya Moscow bwino Russian maphunziro malamulo anayamba kuphunzira makoma ake. Mu nkhani iyi, lecturers woyamba m'chilamulo tinaitanidwa akatswiri German. Only mu chi Catherine Wachiwiri anali aphunzitsi oyambirira ndi aphunzitsi zoweta (mwachitsanzo, Simoni Desnitsky).

zikuchitika

Russian malamulo sayansi ndi maphunziro malamulo zisakuyenda wakhala kusintha noticeable kugwirizana ndi oyamba mu dziko lathu la chitsanzo European maphunziro akatswiri-maloya. zodabwitsazi umatchedwanso monga ndondomeko Bologna. Iwo nalo dzina lake mu malo ya kusainira mgwirizanowo. Mu 1999, mayiko a ku Ulaya (Russia nawo pambuyo zaka 4) anavomera kuti asonkhanitse ndi kugwirizana kachitidwe kawo anthuwo maphunziro.

ganizo limeneli chimasonyeza zochitachita malamulo. Modern Russian milingo apamwamba a maphunziro (Bachelor a, Master ndi T. D.) Zolemba kudzakhalire European mfundo. Alipo kuti amalola ophunzira mayunivesite m'deralo mosavuta kupitiriza maphunziro awo kunja. Nawonso sayansi milandu Russia analandira zokoma zina za chitukuko cha kugona ndi akatswiri yachilendo.

Chiphunzitso cha State ndi Chilamulo

Chilamulo lagawidwa sayansi zingapo zofunika. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi chiphunzitso cha boma ndi malamulo, kapena chidule monga THP. Chiphunzitsochi anaonekera mu Soviet chilengedwe professorial, ndipo lero amakhalabe ambiri Russian mwambo. Ku Ulaya, boma ndi malamulo omwe ankafufuza payokha.

Jurisprudence TGP amaona mfundo mumaganiza zosiyanasiyana mabungwe zosayembekezereka. chiphunzitso chimakwirira mfundo zofunika kwambiri monga kulakwa, udindo malamulo, dongosolo la ndale, ndondomeko malamulo , ndi zina zotero. D.

Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano chikhalidwe

Mu lamulo ake panopa boma lili ndi chiwerengero cha ziphunzitso ofunika. Chilamulo Maphunziro a boma, anthu wamba, ndi katundu ufulu. Koma kuchita zinthuzo wamba kufika mphambano?

Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano chikhalidwe akusonyeza kuti boma, malamulo, ndi anthu a boma anatuluka chifukwa cha mgwirizano pakati pa anthu onse. Tanthauzo la "sayansi malamulo" ndi kuchotsedwa amalanga kuti kuphunzira zodabwitsazi.

Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano chikhalidwe anapanga maziko a malingaliro amakono zimene boma lovomerezeka akhoza unalipo ndi chilolezo cha anthu kumutsogolera kwa iye. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mfundo imeneyi anali kukonza ndi wotchuka English nzeru zapamwamba Thomas Hobbes mu 1651. Kenako iye anayamba chiphunzitso nzeru ena n'kofunika Dzhon Lokk ndi Jean-Zhak Russo. kafukufuku wawo umatulutsa masukulu angapo sayansi ndi mawu otchuka. Mwachitsanzo, Hobbes adafotokoza kuti sitili pa boma chisokonezo kapena nkhondo zonse ndi zonse.

zamaganizo malamulo

A mbali yaikulu ya jurisprudence kugwirizana ndi investigative ndi forensics. Popanda chilamulo sipakanakhala malamulo a boma. Nyengo zofunika kwa mapangidwe ake maonekedwe anali XX atumwi. Pali njira zatsopano kufufuza, ndi zina zotero .. Mu 1960 uko kunali kuwerenga malamulo. Sayansi, gawo ili la chilamulo pamafunika kuzindikira ndi kupeza zigawenga.

Mu forensics n'kofunika kwambiri maganizo china. Nthawi zambiri zigawenga zochita zopanda nzeru, iwo sangakhoze anafotokoza. Munthu amene waphwanya lamulo, kumakhala mazanamazana a zolinga kuchita mchitidwe amapha. zamaganizo malamulo anatuluka monga ya njira lakonzedwa kuphunzira khalidwe la zigawenga.

Njira zamaganizo malamulo

Chikhulupiriro chamakono cha "sayansi malamulo" m'malo m'zigawozigawo. Ichi ndi chifukwa bungwe zovuta za anthu ndi boma. lingaliro ili mulinso malangizo integrative, ndiye kulili pa mphambano za sayansi ena awiri. Mwachitsanzo, kuwerenga maganizo malamulo amagwiritsa ntchito njira ndi mfundo monga kuwerenga maganizo ndi lamulo, lomwe akhala maziko ake.

nkhani zake nkhani ikufotokoza mabwenzi, njira ndi zochitika zimene zimachititsa kuyan'anila za lamulo anthu. mchikhalidwe malamulo zisakuyenda mwa munthu. Koma monga ulamuliro, chifukwa cha zochita zake lagona pa njira zakuya kugwirizana ndi boma la anthu.

Akatswiri mu kuwerenga maganizo malamulo, pali njira zingapo chilengedwe kuthandiza nawo ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, structural Kupenda kudalira pa chochitika mu funso. kuyankhulana njira m'pofunika kuti tikwaniritse zowerenga zolondola pa munthu zifukwa zochita zake, zimene zinachititsa kuti kuswa lamulo.