Onunkhira chimasanduka, akuluakulu oimira ndi ntchito yawo chuma cha dziko.

chimasanduka onunkhira (mwinamwake otchedwa arenes) - biosoedineniya ndi organic mamolekyulu kwa amene ali m'zinthu chimodzi kapena zingapo maatomu asanu mpweya. Benzene mphete, yodziwika ndi katundu wapadera thupi ndi mankhwala. Dzina "m'bwalomo" anaphatikizidwa organic ndi ambiri umagwirira mu mochedwa 18 - oyambirira 19 atumwi. Zikuphatikizapo zinthu zimene analemba awiri mankhwala mankhwala - mpweya ndi wa hydrogen ndipo anali ndi zosangalatsa fungo (resins, balsams, n'kofunika mafuta, zofukiza). M'kupita kwa nthawi, dzina "onunkhira chimasanduka" otaika wake wofunika, kuyambira aromatics anakumana mwa zina makalasi a organic mankhwala, ndipo ambiri zonunkhira kapena ndi zosasangalatsa fungo. Benzene anali yekhayekha kwa nthawi yoyamba mu zaka za m'ma 19 kuchokera mpweya malasha. Patatha pang'ono (1845) AF Hoffman allocates chimasanduka onunkhira (benzene) ku khala phula. Masiku ano Arenes kalasi (IUPAC gulu) yophatikiza mankhwala mamolekyulu m'Baibulo amene ali benzelnye pachimake. Kotero kuti mankhwala amenewa anapatukana mu umodzi ndi Mipikisano mphete, komanso chimasanduka zonunkhira ndi mtima condensed.

Mononuclear m'bwalomo - ndi organic mankhwala amene ali limodzi benzene mphete. Kapangidwe ka tinthu benzene nthumwi lililonse arenes kwambiri Kekule chilinganizo akuonetsedwa ngati mkombero wa asanu Carbo maatomu omwe alternately chikugwirizana ndi yosavuta C-C ndi C = C awiri kumangigwa. Kapangidwe iri linatsimikizidwa popereka masiku ano kusanthula physico-mankhwala.

Kekule kudziwa za kapangidwe ka benzene: 1) ali kapangidwe ka hexagonal benzene mphete; 2) benzelnom mphete esti atatu yosavuta atatu maunyolo awiri; 3) Onse asanu Carbo maatomu pa benzene mphete ndi ofanana ndi mnzake. Ndondomeko ikusonyeza zikuchokera elemental wa benzene, ndi chiŵerengero maatomu Carbo wa hydrogen mu molekyulu, chifukwa kupanda isomers monosubstituted wa zotumphukira benzene.

chimasanduka onunkhira zili ponseponse kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Iwo ali mbali ya malasha phula kuti analandira pambuyo distillation wouma malasha. M'bwalomo ndi mbali ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafuta ndi zina mankhwala achilengedwe (resins, balsams, etc.). Pa distillation wouma malasha pafupifupi analandira za atatu peresenti khala phula, kapena khala phula. Ndipo kuchokera khala phula ndi distillation fractional zakonzedwa angapo tuzigawo twa: a mafuta kuwala (limapangidwa xylenes, toluene, benzene, thiophene), mafuta karboliki (limapangidwa cresols, phenols ndi naphthalene), creosote mafuta (okhala naphthalene) mafuta anthracene (lili phenanthrene, anthracene ndi mabwalo ena apamwamba), ndi phula kuti ntchito amaika mumsewu msewu ndipo monga chuma kumanga.

Ntchito chimasanduka onunkhira. Benzene amakhala ndi fungo yeniyeni, pafupifupi insoluble m'madzi. Ndi zosungunulira zabwino biosoedineny organic. Apanga ku khala phula. Benzene - lofunika zopangira kwa kupanga utoto, mankhwala, mabomba, zomera zikule ochirikiza, herbicides, tizirombo, etc.

Toluene mosavuta sungunuka mankhwala ndiponso. Konzekerani ku khala phula, komanso sukulu zina mafuta. Apanga ku toluene benzene mowa, benzaldehyde, asidi benzoic asidi, utoto, mankhwala, saccharin, trinitrotoluene.

Xylitol ndi solvents wabwino organic. Konzekerani mafuta malasha, komanso ndi fractional distillation wa malasha phula. Kuyambira xylenes apanga phthalic anhydride, xylene, rayon poliyesitala. Nthawi zina xylenes akuwonjezeka mafuta.