Tungsten valence. Katundu ndi ntchito tungsten

More nkhani adzalola kuti ayanjane ndi thupi ndi mankhwala katundu wa tungsten, kuona mfundo anakhala mu chikhalidwe, malo kupanga, kutsegula kwa nkhaniyi, ndi zambiri.

Tungsten (W)

Tungsten - ndi mbali ya Table nthawi ndi nthawi ya Mendeleev ali makumi chachinayi chiwerengero atomiki limafanana ndi Latin khalidwe W. Mu zikhalidwe alipidwa ali ndi mtundu imvi siliva, chonyezimira, molimba. Wa onse tungsten zitsulo ndi refractory kwambiri. Kuposa la W, mpaka kusungunuka okha sanali zitsulo - mpweya. Iwo ali mkulu mankhwala kukana. Valence wa tungsten - variable.

History of anapeza

Swedish sayansi Carl Wilhelm Scheele mu 1781, chinkhoswe mu processing asidi nitric scheelite, akhoza kupanga tungsten trioxide - "mwala wolemera 'chikasu. Patapita zaka ziwiri, kale mu 1783-m, abale awiri Eluard, akatswiri anachokera ku Spain, anthu anauzidwa kuti akhoza kupeza kuchokera wolframite zitsulo zatsopano ndi okusayidi - tungsten.

Modern United States, France ndi Britain ntchito dzina la tungsten kwa tungsten, omwe anamasuliridwa kuchokera Swedish monga "mwala lolemera". Poyambirira, mawu kunatanthauza wolframium mchere wolframite. Kenako anadutsa ku zitsulo yokha.

Tungsten m'chilengedwe

Malinga kuwerengetsera Vinogradova, kutumphuka Clarke chiwerengero tungsten dziko ndi za 1.3 g / T. The zili pafupifupi ya miyala mapiri, r Mukhoza / t: acidic miyala - 1,9, chiwerengerochi - 1.2, ichi chititsimikizira - 0,7 ultrabasic - 0,1.

Nkhokwe yaikulu ya zitsulo izi anaikira mu China, ndi US, Canada ndi Kazakhstan, m'mayiko monga Bolivia, Portugal, Uzbekistan, Russia ndi Korea South ndi kwakung'ono kuyerekeza ndi zatchulidwazi States m'matangadza. M'chaka umabala tonnes za miliyoni 49-50, umene 41 opangidwa ndi China, gawo Russia a limafanana ndi matani 3.5, Kazakhstan - 0,7, ndi Australia - matani 0.5.

Makampani, udindo waukulu zapatsidwa kwa wolframite ndi scheelite. Mchere wolframite zambiri anaikira mu miyala granitic ndi maganizo awo pafupifupi limafanana senti imodzi kapena awiri pa. Kwambiri popanga mayiko exporting tungsten. . Mtengo wa zitsulo izi m'malo okwezeka ndi zingasiyane malingana ndi mtundu ndi mtundu umene chogulitsidwa (kuchokera 2172 kuti 6250560 pakani.). The Waogula Zinthu Kunja waukulu wa tungsten ankaona UK, China ndi Australia. Kunja lalikulu zedi United States, Germany, England ndi Japan.

Njira lokonzekera

Kukonzekera tungsten - njira wopangidwa mwa zinthu zingapo owonjezekera. Choyamba akutali trioxide WO ₃ kuchokera miyala limafotokoza ndi ndondomeko kuchira pambuyo kupita ufa zitsulo ndi wa hydrogen pansi zinthu za 700 ° C. Chifukwa cha kwambiri mkulu limatsogolera mfundo mmene mungakafikire zitsulo ili ndi njira zitsulo ufa. Mu sitepe yoyamba ya tungsten ufa ndi mbamuikha, ndiye aikidwa mu mlengalenga hydrogen ndi sintered pansi zinthu za 1200-1300 ° C. Komanso pansi magetsi ndi Kutentha KUTENTHA otchezedwa digiri zikwi zitatu, ndondomeko imeneyi limodzi ndi sintering, ndi zitsulo kwasanduka monolith a. Anasintha yokonza tungsten ndi kuyeretsedwa kwake kuchokera chifukwa zipangizo monolithic zimachitika zinthu zone kusungunuka. Komabe, tungsten ufa - izi ndi mawonekedwe yekha kukonzekera kuti zitsulo. Pokonza W ku pyrolysis wa chlorides akhoza analandira kale mu mawonekedwe zachitsulo, koma osati mu yaying'ono ndi ufa.

makhalidwe mankhwala khalidwe

Tungsten ndi valence cha khalidwe variable, awiri sikisi. Mawonekedwe khola ambiri amatenga pa valency chimodzi. Di- ndi trivalent mitundu ya mankhwala ndi wosakhazikika ndipo alibe tanthauzo lapadera, kuchita osati ntchito. Tungsten kugonjetsedwa kwambiri dzimbiri zitsulo. Malo kutentha zimathandiza kuti akhalebe udindo zonse popanda kugonjera dzimbiri; umalandira incandescence kutentha umayamba oxidize, n'kupanga okusayidi tungsten (VI). Ndi lachiwiri pa nkhani nkhawa ndi mtengo kumbuyo wa hydrogen. Mumakhala insoluble hydrofluoric ndi kuchepetsa asidi sulfuric. asidi nitric ndi Aqua regia chifukwa ndondomeko pamwamba makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Yanyumba zotheka hydrogen peroxide.

A chisakanizo cha asidi hydrofluoric ndi nitric amasungunula bwino tungsten:

2W + 4HNO ₃ + 10HF à WF ₆ + WOF ₄ + 4NO (mpweya kusanduka) + 7H ₂ O.

Pamaso pa oxidants akhoza anachita ndi soda osungunula:

2W + 4NaOH ₃ + 3O ₂ à 2Na ₂ WO ₄ + 2H ₂ O.

Zitsanzozi zochita chitani pang'onopang'ono, koma kufika pa mlingo wa 400 ° C ndi tungsten kudziona Kutentha njira zimene ndi inapita patsogolo, imodzi kupanga wambirimbiri kutentha. Zosiyanasiyana zokhudza kufunika mpweya kufika chizindikiro 500 ° C, ndi zitsulo yekha anayamba kutenthetsa.

Kupasuka mu chisakanizo cha zidulo hydrofluoric ndi nitric kumabweretsa asidi mapangidwe geksaftorvolframovoy - H ₂ [WF _6]. Wa kudziwika mankhwala onse tungsten amaonedwa zofunika kwambiri anhydride tungsten trioxide kapena tungsten, tungstate, ndi peroxy pawiri ndi Ine ₂ WO _X, chinthu anachokera ku S, C, ndi halogen gulu zinthu.

The katundu wa chikhalidwe thupi

Tungsten ndi kuwala imvi chonyezimira zitsulo. Tungsten kutentha pa kusungunuka ndipo kuwira umalandira apamwamba okwera Celsius poyerekeza ndi zitsulo zina. Pali nkhambakamwa kuti seaborgium ali woposa ngakhale ntchito limatsogolera ndi kuwira mfundo, koma chifukwa chakuti iye "moyo" ndi laling'ono kwambiri, sikutheka kuti motsimikiza, chifukwa si kutsimikiziridwa ndi kuyesera. Tungsten wayamba kusungunula pa 3695 K, pamene otentha, kufika 5828 K. W Net kachulukidwe ali pafupi ndi golide - magalamu 19,25 pa centimeter kiyubiki. Iye amakhala ndi makhalidwe paramagnetic. Mogwirizana ndi muyeso magawo Brinell kuuma ndi 488 makilogalamu / mamilimita ^2. Pa madigiri makumi awiri Celsius ali resistivity wa 55 × 10 ^-9 Ohm * m, koma zikhalidwe za kutentha kwa 2700 ° C resistivity index kumawonjezera mpaka 904 x 10 ^-9 Ohm * m. Phokoso anasonyeza ku chimachititsanso tungsten pa liwiro la 4290 m / c.

Mmodzi wa zitsulo olemedwa ndi kuuma mkulu ndi mfundo limatsogolera a yaikulu ankaona tungsten. The katundu amene chibadidwe kuti tizindikire kufunika kwake pa dziko msika ndi athe kugwiritsa ntchito lonse. Luso kupirira apamwamba kutentha zimathandiza lalikulu ntchito sikelo tungsten. Waya, mapepala ndi zambiri amakulolani kulenga kuti makinawa kutumikira zaka zambiri. Kunja ofanana pulatinamu. Mu boma chachimwemwe pamene usavutike mtima 1600 ° C akhoza wopeka.

Ntchito zitsulo koyera

The njira zoyambirira za ntchito tungsten - maziko monga chuma refractory makampani zitsulo.

Pulasitiki ndipo refractory katundu - izi ndi zimene amadziwika tungsten. Waya wa chitsulo ichi ndi chofunika kwambiri pa zipangizo anafuna kuyatsa. Chithunzi machubu ndi machubu zina ndi zingalowe ndi amadziwikanso ankagwiritsa ntchito W.

Argon Arc kuwotcherera simungakhoze kuchita popanda maelekitirodi lopangidwa ndi tungsten. Zingalowe kukana ng'anjo komanso ntchito monga chinthu Kutentha, ndipo izi aloyi zitsulo ntchito ngati rhenium thermocouple.

The kachulukidwe mkulu amalola ntchito monga maziko mtundu katundu aloyi ntchito ngati counterweight kwa zida kuboola sabot pachimake ndi projectile zida zankhondo zipolopolo sagittal, pakati pa zida kuboola yolimbanirana ndi ngakhale gyro ofunika zouluka ballistic chida.

Tungsten angathe kutumikira monga njira zabwino za mtundu ionizing cheza. Ngakhale ali osalimba apamwamba, makamaka poyerekeza ndi kutsogolera ochiritsira, ndi kulemera kwa mlingo ofanana atetezedwe zovala kapena zida ili ndi ntchito yake mosavuta. Infusibility katundu ndi kuwumitsa kusokoneza processing, choncho, mu Zikatero kaŵirikaŵiri kasakaniza wazitsulo wa tungsten ndi faifi tambala, komanso chitsulo, mkuwa, ndi zitsulo zina.

Makampani kulenga zinthu zosiyanasiyana olimba ntchito tungsten. Mapepala, ufa tungsten, ndi ndodo-maelekitirodi - mmodzi wa mitundu yofala linanena bungwe la W.

Ntchito mankhwala

Machining zinthu zosiyanasiyana, komanso zipangizo zomwe zimapanga chilengedwe sanali zachitsulo za zomangamanga zomangamanga, kuboola ndi ndondomeko migodi ntchito kasakaniza wazitsulo amphamvu ndi zipangizo gulu mtundu zochokera carbide tungsten, osakaniza titaniyamu carbide, tantalum carbide ndi carbide tungsten. Stamps tungsten zopangwidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo izi anawagawa T30K4, T5K10, VK25, VK8, VC 15 T15K4, BK2, ndi VK6 VK4. Stamps TT gulu ntchito popanga zinthu zovuta Machining kuchuluka kwambiri. Chitsanzo chabwino atha kutumikira ngati anadabwa, ndondomeko makina pobowola perforator kapena cholimba zinthu zotsimikizira kulipira zitsulo ndi mkulu kutentha kukana. W ntchito monga chinthu alloying chifukwa zitsulo ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo zochokera chitsulo. "Yothamanga" zitsulo lettered chizindikiro kuyambira ndi P, oposa 90% ya gawo la limapangidwa tungsten.

Nthawi zina tungsten mankhwala osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga catalysts kapena inki, mkulu-kutentha girizi kusintha kwa mphamvu kutentha mu mawonekedwe magetsi.

Tungsten ndi zamoyo

Tungsten zitsulo si kwambiri zamoyo, koma ena tizilombo archaea mbali ya michere awo chigawo ichi, amene ali malo yogwira. magwero pafupifupi chakuya Madziwo mtundu archaebacteria moyo-hyperthermophiles, amaonedwa amadalira tungsten obligately. Pamaso pa zitsulo izi enzyme zikuchokera amaonedwa monga chidina akale Archean nthawi, mu kulankhula kwina, angakwanitse kuganiza kuti maonekedwe oyambirira a moyo padziko lapansi chinachitika ndi nawo W.

Monga mbali osakhala a miyala ina, tungsten fumbi amachititsa kuyabwa ziwalo kupuma.

mitundu isotopes

¹⁸² W (26,41 %), ¹⁸³ W (14,4 %), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64 %) и ¹⁸⁶ W (28,41 %) . Tungsten chiyambi zachilengedwe limapangidwa chisakanizo cha mitundu isanu ya isotopes, akuti: ¹⁸⁰ W (0,135 wt%.), ¹⁸² W (26,41%), ¹⁸³ W (14,4%), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64%) ndi ¹⁸⁶ W (28,41%). Valency tungsten variable, ndipo nthawizonse limafanana ndi chiwerengero cha 2 mpaka 6, zilizonse isotope lapansi.

Ndi 2016 izo kale sate-sikisi zopangidwa yokumba mitundu ya tungsten kuzindikiridwa radionuclides ndi manambala misa 157 ... 179, 181, 185, 187 ... 197. Open tungsten mwachibadwa zikuchitika mpweya wa poizoni anali mu 2003, koma mlingo wake ndi otsika kwambiri womwe pafupifupi disintegrations awiri pa gram pa chaka, ndi chikhalidwe cha mwamsanga ndi zitsulo α-ntchito.

pomaliza

Ambiri mwa zitsulo refractory alipo ndi tungsten. Katundu wa chibadidwe, ungatithandize kupeza malo osiyanasiyana ntchito mafakitale anthu, kuchokera zomangamanga, kutsiriza ndi chitetezo ku cheza. Zitsulo linatsegulidwa ziri kawiri, zaka ziwiri lokha, koma ngakhale Scheele kapena abale Eluard kwenikweni amanena kuti mupindule polemekeza anapeza wake. The valence wa tungsten ndi variable ndi zimatengera kufunika awiri sikisi, koma, monga tafotokozera kale, mawonekedwe khola ambiri ali asanu valence. Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwambiri dzimbiri, akhoza kutani soda ndi kusungunuka osakaniza zidulo hydrofluoric ndi nitric.

Stamps tungsten ogaŵikana nambala yaikulu mitundu malinga ndi njira kuphedwa, mawonekedwe imene zitsulo, ndi munda wake wa ntchito. Pali mitundu yambiri ya isotope ake, ndipo amafotokozera mu chilengedwe bwino amalembedwa katundu nyukiliya ndiponso pang'onopang'ono limaphwasuka kusandulika. Maziko a kuchuluka kwa mbali ndi mbali yopuma, osiyanasiyana zipangizo ndi zida ntchito ndi munthu, ndi tungsten. Ngakhale mtengo pa kilogalamu zitsulo si mkulu, komabe izo sizichepetsa kufunika kwa izo, chifukwa cha ubwino wake zizigwirizana phindu limene iye anapempha.