Modern panyanja mfuti

Popeza nthawi makedzana, mphamvu zikuluzikulu za m'nyanja ankawaona zombo ndi mfuti panyanja. Mu udindo wofunika kwambiri ankaimba ndi likungosonyeza kuti: m'pamenenso iye anali, lofunika kwambiri amachita kuwononga mdani.

Komabe, kale mu 20th Century panyanja zida zankhondo mwakachetechete wakhala anakankhira mu maziko mtundu watsopano wa chida - motsogozedwa mivi. Koma nkhani ukadali sizinawakhudze kulipira zida zankhondo panyanja. Komanso wakhala modernized m'mikhalidwe zamakono za nkhondo pa nyanja.

panyanja zida zankhondo Limbo

Kwa nthawi yaitali (mpaka m'ma 16) zombo zida okha nkhondowo pafupi - ndi omenyerapo yamphongo, ndi njira ya kuwonongeka kwa thupi la chombo, masts ndi nkhafi. Chiphaso anali njira ambiri kuthetsa kusamvana pa nyanja.

mphamvu Ground adali katswiri. Pa dziko pa nthawi imeneyo kale ntchito mitundu yonse ya asilikali propelling. Kenako anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zida zimenezi mu nkhondo panyanja.

Kutulukira ndi kufala ufa (wautsi) kwambiri adasandulika manja onyamula Zikuchititsa. Ku Ulaya ndi ku Russia, ufa anadziwika m'zaka 14.

Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito nyanja zida zankhondo wakhala si amene anayambitsa chisangalalo mwa anthuwo. Onga zambiri zichepetse ndi mfuti misfire, kuti zinthu nkhondowo anali zinadzala ndi mavuto aakulu kwa sitimayo.

m'ma 16 anali pachiyambi kwa luso la zopangapanga mu zikhalidwe za kukula mofulumira a magulu aphindu Europe. Izi zikhoza sikungawononge manja. Mfuti anasintha kapangidwe, woyamba akuonadi chipangizo. Mfuti mbiya wakhala yam'manja. Kukweza luso la onga. mfuti chombo anayamba amathandiza kwambiri mu nkhondo panyanja.

Naval zida zankhondo za m'ma 17

Mu 16-17 zaka zida zankhondo, kuphatikizapo nyanja, wakhala inakulitsidwa. zombo chawonjezeka chiwerengero cha mfuti ndi kuwayika iwo pa adzikometsa angapo. Zombo mu nthawi ino zinalengedwa zochokera zida zankhondo nkhondo.

Pofika kumayambiriro kwa m'ma 17 akhala kuzindikiridwa mtundu, likungosonyeza panyanja mfuti likuomba njira yapangidwa zochokera limatchula m'madzi. A sayansi yatsopano - ballistics.

Tikumbukenso kuti mfuti sitima za m'ma 17 anali thunthu la calibers onse 8-12. Chotero lalifupi thunthu chifukwa cha kufunika retract kwathunthu mkati chombo cha kachiwiri potsegula mfuti komanso kufuna kuchepetsa mfuti.

M'zaka za m'ma 17, pamodzi ndi kusintha kwa mfuti panyanja amenewa anayamba ndi zipolopolo. Fleets anali incendiary ndi zachiwawa zipolopolo, kuchititsa ngozi yoopsa kwa ngalawa mdani yotereyi. Woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zipolopolo zachiwawa oyendetsa Russian mu 1696, pa itachita la Azov.

zombo zida za m'ma 18

Sitima mfuti za m'ma 18. kale anali loko mwala. Pa nthawi yomweyo ake kulemera sanasinthe kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma otsiriza ndi zaka 12, 24 ndi 48 mapaundi. Kumene kunali mfuti zina ndi calibers, koma iwo si ambiri.

Mfuti anaikidwa mu chombo: pa uta, wamphamvu, chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi adzikometsa. Pa nthawi yomweyo pa m'munsi sitimayo anali zida yakula.

Dziwani kuti lalikulu-likungosonyeza panyanja mfuti anali wokwera pa mfuti ophimba ndi mawilo. Pansi mawilo izi mu sitimayo kuti grooves wapadera. Pambuyo kuwombera Cannon masikono kumbuyo angadzachite mphamvu ndipo analinso okonzeka Komatsu. The ndondomeko ya tsegula mfuti ngalawa inali yovuta kwambiri ndi yowopsa chinthu kuwerengera.

Mphamvu ya ngati mfuti mfuti anali mu osiyanasiyana 300 m, ngakhale zipolopolo molowera mpaka 1500 m. Mfundo yakuti mtunda projectile wotaya mphamvu kayendedwe. Ngati mu 17 m'ma frigate anawononga 24 yolemera zipolopolo, mu 18 m'ma nkhondo sanachite mantha, ndi 48-pounder. Kuti athetse vutoli, mu England, zombo anayamba mudzikonzere 60-108 yolemera mifuti likungosonyeza 280 mm.

N'chifukwa chiyani mfuti zombo sanalembedwe mu mbiri ya zidutswa?

Koyamba, miyala kwa zaka za m'ma 20 anali m'malo tingachipeze powerenga zida zankhondo, kuphatikizapo bulu, koma izo sizinachitike. Maroketi sanathe kwathunthu m'malo mfuti sitimayo. chifukwa kwagona kuti zida zankhondo zipolopolo sali owopa cha mtundu uliwonse chabe ndi yogwira kusokonezedwa. Ndi zochepa amadalira nyengo kuposa mivi oongoka. Ananyoza panyanja mfuti amatipeza anakwaniritsa cholinga chake, mosiyana ndi anzawo a makono - mivi wovuta.

N'kofunikanso kuti mfuti ndi cha mtengo nyanja yolimbanirana ndi wofunika kwambiri kuposa launchers roketi. Tikumbukenso kuti mtengo wa mfuti panyanja kwambiri m'munsi chida.

Today Choncho, polingalira mbali izi mwapadera kuti chitukuko cha zida zankhondo panyanja. Ntchito amachitika mobisa.

Komabe lero, mfuti phiri ngalawa ndi ubwino wake onse kusewera wamkulu wothandiza udindo kunkhondo panyanja, osati mwachangu.

Udindo watsopano wa zida zankhondo panyanja zinthu zamakono

M'ma 20 kwasintha zofunika analipo mu zida zankhondo panyanja. Kukula kwa panyanja ndege anali kuchititsa. Ndege zoponya inkaopseza lalikulu chombo, mfuti panyanja kuposa mdani wa.

Wachiwiri World nkhondo anasonyeza kuti mpweya chitetezo dongosolo wakhala kwambiri kuti azilimbana pa nyanja. The lothandiza a mtundu watsopano wa zida - motsogozedwa mivi. okonza The kuti anazimitsa kachitidwe chida. Pa nthawi yomweyo mipingo chitukuko ndi kupanga mfuti ya moto waukulu.

Komabe, zida zatsopano bwinobwino m'malo mfuti, kuphatikizapo sitimayo. Mfuti, likungosonyeza amene alibe upambana 152 mm (likungosonyeza 76, 100, 114, 127 ndi 130 mm), anatsala mu Bulu la USSR (Russia), United States, Britain, France ndi Italy. Komabe, tsopano zida zankhondo panyanja anatumizidwa ku kuposa ntchito kuchirikiza kuposa mantha. Sitima mfuti ankagwiritsa ntchito ankafika thandizo, chitetezo ku ndege mdani. Patsogolo m'madzi flak. Monga ziri zodziwika bwino, chizindikiro kofunika kwambiri ndi mlingo wa moto. Pachifukwa ichi, mofulumira sitima mfuti wakhala cholinga chachikulu cha asilikali ndi okonza.

Kuonjezera pafupipafupi akatemera, amenewa anayamba machitidwe basi zida zankhondo. Pa nthawi yomweyo kuika Zachikondi pa lonse awo, ndiko kuti, ayenera mofanana bwino kuteteza sitima ku mphamvu mdani mpweya ndi m'nyanja, komanso kuwononga chifukwa kuti malinga m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Yotsirizira chifukwa machenjerero wosinthika wa m'gulu la asilikali. Pafupifupi chinthu chakale nkhondo panyanja pakati fleets lapansi. Tsopano zombo zinafika sapitiriza Ntchito pafupi katundu wambiri monga njira kuwononga maofesi pansi ofotokoza mdani. mfundo imeneyi zikupezeka mu chitukuko cha panyanja zida zamakono.

Shipboard machitidwe basi zida zankhondo

Mu 1954, boma la Soviet Union chiyambi chikule basi likungosonyeza 76,2 dongosolo mm, ndipo mu 1967 anayamba chitukuko ndi kupanga basi likungosonyeza zida zankhondo kachitidwe 100 ndi 130 mm. Inali ntchito woyamba basi panyanja mfuti (57 mm) dvuhstvolny mfuti phiri AK-725. Kenako m'malo Analeredwa ndi umodzi-mbiya 76.2 mm AK-176.

Imodzi ndi AK-176 30 mm mofulumira-atakhala AK-630 analengedwa ndi nyumba ya onsewo migodi asanu. Mu zaka 80 ndi Bulu analandira basi makina AK-130 lero waima pa Zombo Zankhondo ndi zida.

AK 130 ndi makhalidwe ake

130mm panyanja mfuti anali mbali ya unsembe dvuhstvolny A-218. Poyamba cholinga osakwatiwa-barreled Baibulo la A-217, koma ndiye izo anazindikira kuti dvuhstvolny A-218 ali ndi mlingo wapamwamba (mpaka 90 akatemera pa mitengo ikuluikulu iwiri), ndipo mmalo inapatsidwa kwa iye.

Koma kuti okonza anali kuonjezera kulemera unsembe. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kulemera kwa zovuta lonse linali 150 mamita (unsembe palokha - 98 m, dongosolo ulamuliro (CS) - 12 T, makina ARSENALNY m'chipinda chapansi - 40 m).

Mosiyana yapita kafukufuku chombo mfuti (onani chithunzi. Mmunsimu) Anali ndi zatsopano kuti tizikonda mlingo wake wa moto.

Choyamba, ndi katiriji unitary, imene malaya anali ophatikizidwa pamodzi kapisozi, ufa oikidwa projectile.

Komanso, A-218 anali basi Tsegulaniso zipolopolo, kotero inu mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito zida zonse popanda munthu owonjezera.

SU "Leo-218" sikutanthauza kuvomerezedwa alowererepo anthu. Kudzudzulidwa yowotcha zimapangitsa dongosolo yokha zimadalira lolondola zipolopolo kugwa mabomba.

A mlingo mkulu akatemera mfuti ndi kukhalapo kwa apadera, ndi kutali ndi makina ounikira mafyuzi, ndi AK 130 n'zotheka kuti moto pa mipherezero mpweya.

AK-630 ndi makhalidwe ake

Mlingo wa panyanja mfuti AK-630 lakonzedwa kuteteza m'chombo kuchokera mpweya ndi kuwala la zombo mdani.

Iwo ali mbiya kutalika 54 likungosonyeza. Likuomba mfuti osiyanasiyana zimadalira gulu la mipherezero: mipherezero mpweya amakhudzidwa pa mtunda wa makilomita 4, kuwala pamwamba zipangizo - 5 Km.

Voterani unsembe ukufika zipolopolo 4000-5000 zikwi pa mphindi. Choncho pamzera kutalika kungakhale 400 akatemera, kenako yopuma chofunika masekondi 5 chifukwa yozizira migolo mfuti. Pambuyo kwa akatemera 200 zokwanira kuthyola 1 chachiwiri.

Zipolopolo AK-630 tichipeza mitundu iwiri akatemera: mkulu zachiwawa incendiary projectile RP 84, ndipo IYE-tracer-OR 84.

The zida zankhondo za asilikali apamadzi

US Navy komanso zofunika pa mikono asinthidwa. Mivi ambiri anayambitsa, zida zankhondo anakankhidwira mu maziko. Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwapa, America ayamba kulabadira ang'ono-likungosonyeza zida zankhondo, zimene zathandiza kwambiri ndi ndege otsika mbalame ndi mivi.

Chisamaliro linaperekedwa makamaka basi mfuti phiri 20-35 mamilimita ndi 100-127 mm. Sitima basi mfuti akutenga malo abwino mu armament za m'chombo.

The likungosonyeza pafupifupi lakonzedwa kuti akunde zolinga zonse, koma m'madzi. Amapanga Fitting anaphedwa zitsulo kuwala ndi fiberglass anatsindika.

chitukuko ndi yogwira-zotakasika akatemera kwa 127- ndi 203 mm mfuti iyambitsa.

Panopa, kusintha unsembe Mk45 127-n'zotsimikizira imatengedwa kuti ndi dongosolo lililonse kwa zombo US.

Ndi zida ang'ono-likungosonyeza Dziwani sextuple "Vulcan-Phalanx".

mfundo zosangalatsa

Mu 1983 mu USSR panali ntchito ya sikunachitekepo mfuti panyanja kuti amaoneka ngati mulu Sitima 19-20 zaka awiri a 406 mm, koma kusiyana kokha ndi chifukwa akhoza kuwuluka ... pachimake ankalamulira kapena ochiritsira projectile, ndi sitima chida kapena nyukiliya kuya mlandu ndi kudzazidwa . Mlingo wa zinthu zimenezi chilengedwe zimadalira mtundu wa mfuti. Mwachitsanzo, kwa mizinga motsogozedwa ndi zipolopolo 10 pa mphindi, ndi chipolopolo ochiritsira - 15-20.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ndi "chilombo" mosavuta kuikidwa ngakhale mu zotengera yaing'ono (2-3 thous. Matani kusamutsidwa). Komabe, Navy lamulo silinazindikire likungosonyeza izi, kotero ntchito sanali lidzakwaniritsidwa.

amafuna Modern kwa zida zankhondo za panyanja

Malinga ndi mutu wa 19 Mayeso Site amafuna Alexander Tozik lero kwa mfuti sitimayo pang'ono kukhalabe chomwecho - ndi wodalirika komanso ndi lolondola kuwombera pa.

Komanso, masiku ano mfuti panyanja akhale kuwala kokwanira kuti athe kukhazikitsa iwo pa Zombo Zankhondo kuwala. Iwo kunatanthauzanso kupanga chida wochenjera mdani Rada. Kuyembekezeredwa mbadwo watsopano wa zipolopolo, ndi apamwamba zowononga kuthekera ndi kuchuluka yowotcha osiyanasiyana.