Mphamvu nyukiliya: yaikulu Russian NPP

The Chernobyl mavuto zinachitika pa pa "Fukushima-1" zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya achititsa kuwononga kwambiri chitukuko cha mphamvu nyukiliya padziko lonse. Kudzera mwa atolankhani analenga otsimikiza kotheratu za ngozi chayandikira cha aliyense magetsi a mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu. Koma, malinga ndi asayansi ambiri, yotheka zina kupereka magetsi ukusowa panobe, koma Mwachitsanzo, Balakovo - Russia yaikulu mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu - ndi kuopseza palibe kuposa anthu ena mafakitale malo a ukulu uwu.

Mfundo ntchito NPP

akuluakulu mphamvu zomera zonse zikugwira ntchito pa mafuta nyukiliya, ofanana mfundo opaleshoni. Pakuti mphamvu za ntchito kutentha ndi kwaiye pa ankalamulira nyukiliya fission unyolo zimene mafuta - makamaka Polemeretsedwa ureniamu. Zimenezi ikuchitika mu riyakitala nyukiliya - "mtima" wa mbewu.

Komanso pali yokonza nthunzi yotentha yomwe amayendetsa magudumu a chopangira mphamvu. Malinga kamangidwe iwo akhoza rotors ntchito pa zomera mphamvu ya mitundu yonse ndipo anamanga amaganizira ntchito pa nyukiliya mafuta chomera kulunjika.

mitundu ya mathanki

Pali mitundu ingapo ya mathanki amene ali osiyana mafuta, coolant kudutsa pakati, ndi retarder chofunika kulamulira unyolo anachita.

Kwambiri ndalama ndi zipatso anatsimikizira mathanki, kumene ndondomeko madzimadzi ntchito ochiritsira, "kuwala" madzi. Ndi mamangidwe, iwo ali a mitundu iwiri zofunika:

• RBMK - RBMK. Ndi mabanja a chopangira mphamvu makokedwe zakonzedwa mwachindunji mu pachimake, kotero malo awa otchedwa fluidized. Izi inali yachinayi mphamvu riyakitala pa Chernobyl, unsembe wa mtundu uwu amagwiritsa, mwachitsanzo, Kurskaia siteshoni - waukulu Russian mbewu.
• VVER - VVER. dongosolo lino la zingwe zopota awiri hermetic: choyamba - nyukiliya - madzi akufalitsa mwachindunji kupyolera pakati, kungolandira kutentha kwa nyukiliya fission unyolo anachita lachiwiri - nthunzi ndi kwaiye amene kudyetsedwa kwa magudumu Turbo. mathanki oterowo ntchito mphamvu kwambiri ku Ulaya, Zaporizhzhya NPP, iwo ntchito ina yaikulu Russian NPP - Balakovo.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa riyakitala - gasi utakhazikika, momwe kuti njira yowunikira ntchito graphite (riyakitala EGP-6 Bilibino). Chachitatu - mafuta mu mawonekedwe a ureniamu achilengedwe, ndi "madzi lolemera" - deuterium okusayidi - monga coolant ndi mtsogoleri. Chachinayi - RN - kudya nyutironi riyakitala.

Woyamba nyukiliya magetsi

The kuyesera choyamba pa ntchito ya nyukiliya mphamvu m'badwo kunachitidwa mu US, Idaho National Laboratory mu 1951. riyakitala The opaleshoni mphamvu yokwanira kuti umuna anayi mababu 200 Watt. Patapita kanthawi chomera kupereka magetsi anakhala nyumba yonseyo pamene kufufuza ikuchitika pa riyakitala nyukiliya. Ndi maukonde mphamvu anali wolumikizana patatha zaka 4, ndipo m'tawuni yapafupi ya Arco kwa zasayansi anali woyamba mu dziko kupereka magetsi kudzera mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu.

Koma yoyamba malonda mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera ndi nyukiliya magetsi, anayamba mu Obninsk, Kaluga m'dera la USSR m'chilimwe cha 1954 yomweyo olumikizidwa kwa maukonde. Kuyambira pano kunayamba nyukiliya mphamvu makampani a Russia. Mphamvu Obninsk nyukiliya mphamvu Bzalani anali ochepa - 5 MW. Patatha zaka 3 m'dera Tomsk, mumzinda wa Seversk, izo achita m'Mphamvu gawo loyamba la Siberia nyukiliya magetsi, amene amapangidwa 600 MW kenako. The riyakitala anali wokwera kumeneko, anafuna kupanga nyukiliyazo basi zida kalasi, ndi mphamvu ngati zamagetsi ndi matenthedwe ndi byproducts. Lero makina amene m'malo ogulitsira izi chete.

Nyukiliya magetsi mu USSR kale

Popeza 1950s ndi 1960 oyambirira mochedwa mu Soviet Union anayamba kumanga tima zomera mphamvu m'madera osiyana a dziko. List of Russian zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi mayiko Union tichipeza 17 maofesi amenewa, amene 7 anasiyidwa kunja masiku ano Federation Russian:

• Chiameniya, pafupi ndi mzinda wa Metsamor. Iwo ali mayunitsi awiri ndi mphamvu okwana 440 MW. Pambuyo 1988 chivomezi, umene wakhalapo NPP popanda ngozi iliyonse kwambiri chifukwa alonjeza mu kamangidwe ka kukana zivomerezi, anaganiza kuletsa zochita zake. Komabe, m'tsogolo, chifukwa kufunika kwambiri magetsi, boma la Republic waganiza kukhazikitsa mu 1995, unit chachiwiri. Ngakhale kuti anali kutenga nkhani zofuna kuchuluka pa ngozi sayansi ndi chilengedwe, European Union akulimbikira kuteteza ake.
• Ignalina mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera kumpoto, kum'mawa kwa Lithuania opareshoni kuchokera 1983 mpaka 2009 ndipo anatseka pa pempho la European Union.
• Zaporozhye, amphamvu kwambiri mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera ku Ulaya, yomwe ili pa magombe a Kakhovka mosungiramo, mu Energodar, anamanga mu 1978. Zake zikuchokera 6 VVER-1000 yokonza yachisanu ya magetsi Ukraine - biliyoni 40 kWh / chaka. Mwathunthu complies ndi mfundo za bungwe la International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
• Rivne, pafupi ndi tauni ya dera Kuznetsovsk Rivne ku Ukraine. Iwo ali 4 VVER mphamvu okwana 2835 MW. IAEA wakhala kulemekezedwa chifukwa cha audits chitetezo.
• Khmelnytsky, pafupi ndi tauni ya Neteshin, pafupi ndi mtsinje Gorini ku Ukraine. 2 mtsikana VVER-1000.
• South-Chiyukireniya, ili m'mphepete mwa Bug Kumwera m'dera Mykolaiv a Ukraine. 3 VVER-1000 kupereka 96% kum'mwera Ukraine ayenera magetsi.
• Chernobyl, pafupi ndi tauni ya Pripyat, anakhala malo aakulu kwambiri opangidwa tsoka 26 pa April 1986 chaka. Otsiriza a mathanki anayi a RBMK-1000 anaima 2000.

Pali wa magetsi kwaiye pa mbewu, mu mphamvu yonse yaikulu kwambiri zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya, opangira magetsi, TPP mu Russia ndi pafupifupi 18%. Ichi ndithu zosakwana Mwachitsanzo, mtsogoleri mu nyukiliya makampani mphamvu - France, kumene chithunzi ndi 75%. Malinga ndi amawatenga strategy mphamvu Boma kwa nthawi mpaka 2030 zakonzedwa kuwonjezera chiŵerengero izi 20-30% ndipo kuonjezera yopanga magetsi kudzera mayunitsi mphamvu opaleshoni mafuta nyukiliya, nthawi 4.

Nyukiliya mphamvu Russia

Ndi angati mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera ku Russia lero? Mu dziko lathu pali okwerera 10, ndi mu kapangidwe kake mayunitsi 35 a mitundu yosiyanasiyana (100 amenewa maofesi kugwira ntchito mu US). Kufalitsidwa kwambiri anaphunzitsidwa pressurized madzi riyakitala (PWR) - zidutswa 18 okha. Awa, 1,000 MW - 12, wina 6 - 440 MW. Pepala ndi 15 njira otentha mathanki 11 RBMK-1000 and 4 - EGP-6.

Kodi ndi yaikulu mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera Russia

Pakali pano, palibe dongosolo mu Rosenergoatom mtsogoleri bwino pakati pa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya mphamvu ndi mphatso za bwino wonse wa dziko. Pali 2 zovuta, kumene nambalayi umagwiritsidwa (4) ofanana VVER-1000. Iwo Balakovo ndi Kalinin mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu. Aliyense ali ndi mphamvu okwana 4,000 MW. Mphamvu yomweyo lili m'manja mbewu ya Kursk ndi Leningrad, amene ntchito Unit 4 RBMK-1000 mtundu. Pankhaniyi, amphamvu kwambiri mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera dziko - Japan ndi Kashiwazaki-Kariwa - ali mayunitsi 7 ndi mphamvu okwana 8212 MW.

Ndende amakampani mphamvu ya mtundu umenewu mu gawo European la Russia anatsogolera chakuti iwo kumathandiza kwambiri kupereka magetsi kuchigawo chapakati cha dziko. Pakati pa Russia, makamaka kumpoto, ndi gawo la mphamvu za nyukiliya mu muyezo mphamvu mpaka 40%.

6 zina Russian NPP

Limbikitsani gawo mphamvu Russian kumathandiza Kola zomera, Russia yaikulu mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu m'madera kumpoto, ukugwira awiri mphamvu tysyachemegavattnyh. Iwo akupitiriza atchule ubongo watsopano pa Novovoronezh nyukiliya magetsi, mmene ntchito yatsopano, bwino VVER -1200. Beloyarsk nyukiliya magetsi m'dera Sverdlovsk tinganene kuti ngati nsanja experimental kwa asayansi Russian nyukiliya. Limagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambiri ya mathanki, kuphatikizapo kudya mathanki nyutironi. Mu Chukotka, ili Bilibino siteshoni kupereka dera zofunika kutentha.

Funso la mphamvu nyukiliya zomera ndi waukulu mu Russia, akhalenso zogwirizana pamene mayunitsi watsopanoyo adzaphulitsa anayambitsa mu Rostov Mmera wonse, umene mpaka atatu, ndi mphamvu zawo ndi 3100 MW. Iwo ali nayo mphamvu yomweyo ndipo Smolensk, ntchito pa makina amene RBMK.

ziyembekezo

Dongosolo la chitukuko cha gawo ndi n'komwe, ngati nyukiliya zomera mphamvu Russia amafunika kumanga mayunitsi ambiri ayenera angakwanitse ndipo achita m'Mphamvu kusintha magetsi. Izi ndi zoona makamaka kwa malo a North, Siberia ndi Far East. Pali kwambiri ambiri mafuta ndi gasi kubala makampani, pamene kupanga maziko a zachuma Russian.

Imodzi mwa madera kwambiri zingamuthandize, amene ali mphamvu za nyukiliya makampani a Russia, - chilengedwe cha akuyandama nyukiliya thermoelectric opangira magetsi. Bukuli lili ndi makina amene kudya KLT 40 otsika mphamvu transportable mphamvu mayunitsi (70 MW). Nyumba mafoni angapereke madera akutali kwambiri a magetsi, Kutentha mafakitale ndi zoweta ndi madzi abwino. Kutumidwa wa woyamba akuyandama mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu "Mikhail Lomonosov" zakonzedwa mu zaka kubwera.