Nyumba hayidiroliki: zoyimira ndi gulu, zithunzi

Pali zosiyanasiyana nyumba hayidiroliki, mitundu ndi gulu zomwe zikusonyeza osiyanasiyana ntchito. Aliyense wa nyumba izi inamangidwa pa madzi - kuchokera mitsinje ndi nyanja ku nyanja kapena pansi - ndipo n'zofunika kuti kuthana ndi mphamvu yowononga ya zinthu madzi. Aliyense dongosolo ali makhalidwe chake ndi ntchito yomanga.

Kodi wachinsinsi?

Pansi hayidiroliki zomangamanga zomangamanga akuoneka kachitidwe kuti kulola ntchito bwino chuma madzi ndi kupewa mavuto a madzi owonjezera chilengedwe. machitidwe onse amakono (ulimi wothirira, okulira ulimi) otchedwa "matamanda a madzi." Mitundu ndi gulu la iwo, malinga ndi mikhalidwe ya unsembe ndi ntchito zotsatirazi:

• nyanja, nyanja, mtsinje kapena dziwe;
• pamwamba kapena mobisa;
• anali ndi gawo madzi;
• ntchito ndi mafakitale osiyana.

Modern matamanda a madzi - damu izi, ndi damu ndi spillways, ndi inlets madzi ndi mitsinje. Ambiri, dongosolo lililonse kuti waikidwa pa thupi madzi.

kusunga madzi

Madzi kusunga nyumba hayidiroliki nyumba amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupereka kapena kulenga kusiyana kuthamanga pakati pa milingo madzi kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo damu la. Akatswiri amanena kuti boma madzi mu zone m'derali mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi nyengo ya m'derali. Vodpodpornye matamanda a madzi - n'kofunika kwambiri kuti akonze kumanga madamu, monga iwo chifukwa cha katundu lalikulu chifukwa kuthamanga madzi. Ngati zonse mwadzidzidzi dongosolo madzi kusunga sichitha, kuthamanga kutsogolo madzi adzakhala n'kovuta, ndipo zimenezi zingapangitse mavuto aakulu.

akuthamanga Water

Madzi ndikufikitsa nyumba zigwirizana intakes, spillway, ogulitsira ndi ngalande. matamanda a madzi izi kuti kutumikira kusamutsa madzi mfundo yake. Munthu tcheru, madzi wambiri kachitidwe kuti atenge madzi posungira ndi kupulumutsa kuti malowa hydropower, madzi ndi ulimi wothirira. ntchito yawo - kuonetsetsa madzi akudutsa mu ngalande kuchuluka Kwalamulidwa, kuchuluka ndi khalidwe la ntchito madzi ndandanda, motero. Malingana ndi kumene madzi wambiri dongosolo akhoza kukhala:

• pamwamba: m'zigawo madzi ikuchitika pa ufulu pamwamba mlingo;
• Kuya: withdrawals anapanga pansi mlingo wa padziko ufulu;
• pansi: madzi otengedwa gawo wotsikitsitsa watercourse ya;
• longline: woterowo mpanda yomanga anachita milingo ingapo ya madzi - izo amadalira mlingo wake mu nkhokwe madzi ndi khalidwe lake pa akuya osiyana.

Nthawi zambiri wokwera pa mitsinje madzi wambiri matamanda a madzi. Photography limasonyeza kuti yamanga amenewa kungakhale mkulu kapena otsika.

withdrawals madzi malo osiyanasiyana

Malinga mtundu wa gwero, kungakhale intakes mtsinje, nyanja, nyanja, ndi mosungiramo. Pakati kapangidwe wotchuka mtsinje ndi onshore, akuyandama, mtsinje bedi, sipangakhalenso pamodzi okwerera ikukoka kapena phiri iwo mmodzi:

• Pagombe unsembe ayenera kuikidwa, ngati banki ndi phompho. Izi kapangidwe - wopangidwa mwa yowona kapena simenti ndi lalikulu awiri wambiri matamanda a madzi. Photo limasonyeza khoma kutsogolo akutsegula pamchenga.
• kachitidwe Fluvial zimayikidwa pa gombe wofatsa ndi makoma osiyana yotsiriza, anawamasulira mu mtsinje wa.
• Akuyandama pontoon kapangidwe ndi Bwato kapena zokuzira ndi mpope yomwe madzi wachotsedwa mtsinje ndi chiwombedwa kumtunda.
• Chidebe wambiri dongosolo kutenga madzi nkhokwe ili pa gombe chidebe.

zolimbana

Zolimbana matamanda a madzi - ndi chiyani ichi? Mu njira ina, iwo amatchedwa ziwembu vypravitelnymi, monga iwo amakulolani zonse otaya mitsinje. Izi chingapezeke mwa kumanga struenapravlyayuschih ndi kuchepetsa nyumba mu njira ndi m'mphepete mwa dziwe. Zikomo kachitidwe amenewa ndi mapangidwe otaya mtsinje kuti limayenda ndi mathamangidwe wotsika motero njira imayendetsedwa ndi anakonzeratu mfundo osachepera m'lifupi, kuya ndi kupindika. Popular nyumba izi hayidiroliki, mitundu ndi gulu la amene ali zotsatirazi:

• likulu dongosolo, ndi mbali ya dongosolo wamkulu wa lamulo la mitsinje ndi umalimbana ntchito nthawi yaitali;
• opepuka zomangamanga, zomwe mwinamwake amatchedwa kanthawi ntchito makamaka mitsinje ya m'buku ang'ono ndi sing'anga.

Malo oyamba zigwirizana madamu, mitengo kuteteza, madamu ndi mwangwiro kupirira kukumba ndi zowononga chikoka cha madzi. Kuwala nyumba zolimbana - nsalu zake, mipanda ya timitengo, amene ali chabe mwachindunji kapena nacho chipangizo otaya.

ulimi wothirira matamanda a madzi

Mitundu ndi gulu kumafuna kugawaniza ndi kukhalapo madamu - kapena damu damu. Machitidwe woyamba idzagwiritsa chilengedwe cha njira yokumba chimene chimafika ku mtsinje pa njira zina ndipo watenga mbali ya mtsinje watercourse. Kuti matope pansi simukhala mu ngalande ulimi wothirira yomanga amenewa ili mbali concave wa nyanza. Ngati madzi ndi yofunika ndiye chofunika kumanga madamu, amene nawonso, mwina weniweni kapena akuya.

culverts

Culverts matamanda a madzi - ndi liniya zinthu, amene ali weirs ndi zipata. kachitidwe akulamulidwa kapena kanthu basi. Ndi spillway resets madzi owonjezera kuchokera posungira, ndi weir ndi dongosolo limene madzi udzathiridwa momasuka mwa dongosolo Chisa madzi kusunga. Malinga ndi mikhalidwe ya kayendedwe ka madzi, machitidwe amenewa kungakhale popanda kukakamizidwa kapena chipsyinjo mutu.

mwapadera cholinga

Mwa cholinga chapadera ntchito hayidiroliki ndi: hydropower, nyumba ulimi wothirira, ngalande, kachitidwe ulimi nyumba zoyendera madzi. Taganizirani mfundo izi mamangidwe:

• maofesi Hydropower zimamangidwa, ndi njira, damu kapena derivational. madongosolo otero zigwirizana maofesi a Madzi a mvula, flowlines, magudumu chopangira mphamvu, amene kumaliseche mapaipi ndi mavavu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. HPP anafunika kutembenuza otaya madzi mu mphamvu ya magetsi.
• Madzi zoyendera: kachitidwe zigwirizana maloko, bwato chimakweza, maofesi doko, amene wokwera pa mitsinje, ngalande ndi milingo yosiyanasiyana ya madzi mu iwo.
• Reclamation: kachitidwe kulola kuti tione miyeso umalimbana kusintha kwakukulu pa dziko. Monga mbali ya reclamation ndi ikuchitika ngalande ndi ulimi wothirira malo. Ndi dongosolo ngalande chatsanulidwa owonjezera madzi ndi ulimi wothirira dongosolo zipangitsa yake kuthirira malo. kachitidwe ngalande kungakhale yopingasa kapena choimirira.
• Fish-: deta matamanda a madzi kupereka nsomba kudali ku m'munsi pamwamba madzi makamaka pamene spawning zikamasamuka. kachitidwe ndi mitundu iwiri: za choyamba wodziimira nsomba kudutsa makwerero wapadera nsomba, wachiwiri - kudzera zipata wapadera rybohodnyh ndi makwerero nsomba.
• Chitayiko: Iwo abulusa wapadera, amene akupita kuwononga kupanga ndi effluents mafakitale.

Nthawi zina, mkulu ndi wapadera zipangizo amaphatikizidwa, monga dongosolo spillway aikidwa mu nyumba mphamvu. madongosolo otero Integrated amatchedwa mfundo za nyumba hayidiroliki.

Kodi ngozi?

Palinso gulu la nyumba hayidiroliki malinga ndi digiri zoopsa: angakhale otsika, sing'anga, mkulu kapena digiri yapamwamba kwambiri pa choopsya. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zazikulu zokhudza chiopsezo TCA, ndi nkhawa zachilengedwe mvetsetsa, kusatsatira kapangidwe njira ndi malamulo, kuphwanya zinthu opaleshoni ndipo nyumba, kapena zotsatira za kuwonongeka chifukwa ngozi. zopindika aliyense ndi zotsatira sizimadziwika kungayambitse kuwonongedwa kwa nyumba, yojambula padoko.