Ngozi pa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. The Chernobyl ngozi: zimayambitsa, liquidators zotsatira

Kukhala mutu wa Chernobyl tsoka (monga waukulu mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu ngozi) ndipo zotsatira zake N'zosatheka kumvetsa zimene zimapanga dera lonse pamaso ngozi zoopsa kwambiri. Choncho, nkhaniyi ayenera kuyamba ndi mbiri ya chigawo Chernobyl, Kyiv dera, yeniyeni, ngakhale ndi mbiriyakale ya m'tauni ya Chernobyl. The ngozi pa nyukiliya magetsi litakhazi- chikugwirizana mzinda ndi tsoka zopangidwa, koma kutchula koyamba za izo zapakati pa m'ma 15 (magwero Chilituyaniya), ndipo ali ndi mbiri yaitali.

Mbiri ya Chernobyl ndi m'madera

Pa kulamulira a m'mayiko Chiyukireniya magnates Polish m'zaka 16 pafupi ndi Chernobyl inamangidwa ndi chinyumba chachikulu, amene anapulumuka masiku ano okha chemba. Chernobyl yokha (monga akutali ku likulu la Commonwealth) kunkakhala anthu makamaka Ayuda, amene anakhala mmodzi wa malo Hasidism (imodzi mwa mitsinje ya Chiyuda) pambuyo kuthetsa m'tauni ya mafumu Hasidic mphunzitsi Menachem Tver. Pambuyo kujowina Chernobyl ku Russian Ufumu m'mudzi chinayamba chikhalidwe Chiyukireniya, Chernobyl inasandulika chilikati cha Chiyukireniya nyimbo ya kumpoto Polissya. Mu ulamuliro wa Nazi mumzinda chidatha kukhala pakati pa moyo wa Ayuda, pa zifukwa zoonekeratu. Nkhondo itatha mu Chernobyl anayamba nthawi ya chitukuko cha mafakitale. The Township anapeza udindo wa mzinda ndi anthu ake anakula.

Choncho, Chernobyl anakhalako kale panali ngozi pa Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu. tawuni ya kale n'zogwirizana osati ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera, komanso malo mafakitale komanso malo a chitukuko cha chikhalidwe Chiyukireniya ndi Ayuda.

Yomanga ndi chitukuko cha deralo Chernobyl

Mu 1970, woyamba m'gawo la makono Ukraine nyukiliya magetsi inamangidwa m'dera Chernobyl, osinthidwa mu ulemu wa mtsogoleri wa dziko proletariat VI Lenin. Kumene, Vladimir Ilyich analibe poyerekezera ndi malo Chernobyl, ndi Lenin mwini yekha nkomwe ku malo amenewa. Koma popeza Chernobyl nyukiliya magetsi inamangidwa kwenikweni mu kwambiri kanthu kuti samadziwika zochitika aliyense wotchuka kapena anthu otchuka, izo ndi zoona kuti mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu anamanga mu chimango cha pulogalamu ya chitukuko cha mphamvu za nyukiliya ya Soviet Union, ndondomeko zomwe ndi chimafotokozera Congress wa CPSU, unatchedwa kwambiri akulemekezedwa mu Soviet boma la munthu.

makilomita khumi ndi tauni yapafupi - wautali nyumba mbewu. Choncho, chotsatira kwa wathuwu Chernobyl makampani nyukiliya idamangidwa m'mudzi Pripyat, analandira mu 1979 udindo wa m'tawuni. Anthu onse a kutupa kwa zaka zingapo mzinda wachita mu nyukiliya opangira magetsi kapena china anatumikira antchito ake mzinda. Onse makampani m'tawuni anali umalimbana basi pa kuonetsetsa zofuna za makampani nyukiliya ndi siteshoni. Pa nthawi ya ngozi ya anthu a Pripyat wafika pafupifupi zikwi 50 anthu.

mzinda wa Chernobyl analibe mphamvu za nyukiliya chomera si ubale pang'ono, kuwonjezera moyandikana lawolawo. Iye anakhala ndi moyo kwa zaka zambiri. Koma iyo inali ngozi pa Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera, olumikizidwa kwa mzinda Kupititsa moyandikana, kuchipanga icho chidwi dziko.

Kuwonongeka kwa 1986

Mu 1983 iye anali, monga iwo amati, mopupuluma anamanga ndi mphamvu chachinayi unit wa Chernobyl NPP. Zaka zingapo m'mbuyomo, asayansi Soviet anamanga nyukiliya magetsi mu Iraq, yemwe anawonongedwa ku omenyana mpweya Israeli Air Force. kuukira Izi zinasonyeza thandizo Mtheradi wa Soviet makampani mphamvu za nyukiliya pamaso kuukira anadabwa, kotero Soviet asayansi nyukiliya anayamba kuganiza mmene magetsi mumzinda ndi m'midzi mwambo anadabwa kuukira malo ndi nyukiliya. Pakuti zatsopano umenewu ndi unit chachinayi inamangidwa, kubisala khamu zolakwa ndi zofooka m'kati yomanga ake.

Usiku, April 26, 1986 ngozi pa Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu zinachitika mu mphamvu chachinayi unit wa mbewu mphamvu. Pa zatsopano riyakitala, panali mabomba awiri zamphamvu zimene kumatanthauza zina tsoka unenviable anthu ambiri a anthu a mumzinda wa Pripyat ndi madera ozungulira, kuphatikizapo mzinda wa Chernobyl. kuphulika chifukwa chakuti kutenthedwa wa riyakitala, amene anang'amba pa chivindikiro ndi kumasula ndalama yaikulu cheza mu mlengalenga.

Zimayambitsa ngozi Chernobyl

Zimayambitsa ngozi Chernobyl ndi mutu maganizo lero, ndi kuika patsogolo ziphunzitso zambiri losavomerezeka ndi wosangalatsa kwambiri. Koma awiri zimayambitsa zoonekeratu zinkachitikazo tingaone pa Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu - andale ndi luso.

zifukwa za ndale

Mu Soviet Union, mosakayikira, izo tcheru kwambiri ndi maphunziro. mayunivesite Soviet maphunziro akatswiri kwambiri oyenerera m'minda yonse ya sayansi ndi chikhalidwe. Koma kusunthira ntchito makwerero dipuloma inali yofunika sekondale, chofunika kwambiri chinali bwino maphunziro andale, komanso kukhulupirika kwa Party, zolinga zake mkulu. Pachifukwa ichi, udindo wa Mkulu wa akatswiri okonza ya Chernobyl ankagwira ntchito yogwira chipani ndi CEO, Nikolai Fomin, amene anali katswiri m'munda wa zomera matenthedwe mphamvu, koma zinali osadziwa nyukiliya makampani mphamvu. Pafupi chiyani saletsa ntchito za atumiki ndi anadalira wachiwiri wake Dyatlov, anaikidwa kuti mfundo imeneyi m'chaka cha ngozi Chernobyl. Dyatlov anali odziwa asayansi nyukiliya, koma anafika ku Pripyat makamaka kuchita zokondweretsa zatsopano boma riyakitala kuti fateful usiku. Fomin yekha pogona mwamtendere bedi lake.

Ndipo Woodpeckers, ndi Fomin, ndi mkulu wa Chernobyl ndi chimodzi cholinga - kuti azimukonda chipani utsogoleri wake kukwera pamwamba pa makwerero ntchito. A Dyatlov wamng'ono, kumuthandiza mu chipinda ulamuliro pa zatsopano, podziwa zoopsa mwina mwai ndi riyakitala, ndi mantha kusamvera malamulo a mabwana ake mwamsanga ndipo anaopsezedwa kuti achotsedwa asayansi nyukiliya amayenda Pripyat ofunda, pamene yozizira mzinda atomiki asayansi Siberia.

Choncho, chimodzi mwa zifukwa zikuluzikulu chifukwa ngoziyi inkachitika ku Chernobyl anali, pa dzanja limodzi, ndi chosasamala oyang'anira okalamba zomera, ndi zina - vuto lakelo ndodo amakana kutsatira kasamalidwe bwino oopsa m'mutu.

chifukwa luso

Monga tanena kale, usiku wa pa ngozi pa kuyesera magetsi kunachitidwa mkulu wa Moscow yokha. Luso cholinga zimenezo zinali kuti achite shutdown wathunthu wa turbines nthunzi ndi mphamvu kupita magetsi ku magudumu pa otsika mphamvu ntchito riyakitala lapansi. Motero, chiphunzitso n'zotheka kupewa cheza kutayikira pa bomba la nyukiliya magetsi, kupitiriza ya magetsi kwa nthawi yaitali.

Kuti zimenezo zinali zofunika kuchepetsa riyakitala mphamvu megawatts 700. Koma m'kati kutsitsa riyakitala mphamvu waponya pafupifupi mwathunthu. Mogwirizana ndi malangizo a akatswiri nyukiliya ankafunika kuletsa riyakitala kwathunthu, ndipo ndiye yekha kuyamba kachiwiri. Koma Dyatlov ndikufuna zotsatira kudya, kotero iye analamula akatswiri ake kusonyeza ndodo zonse ulamuliro kuchokera riyakitala, kuti kuonetsetsa ulamuliro wa mphamvu, potero kupangitsa kuwuka kwake lakuthwa. Komabe, zopindika yomanga riyakitala unachititsa kuti kuti zimatulutsa kwa ndodo ulamuliro kuchotsedwa kuwerenga kutentha kuchokera pansi pa riyakitala ndi m'mene pambuyo kuchotsa ndodo kutentha panauka zikuchepa.

Kusadziwa izi poganizira kuwerenga, iwo anapitiriza kuyetsa ndi mphamvu megawatts 200 (zomwe 700 zofunika) ndi kusiya chopangira mphamvu ya. Mchikakamizo cha madzi mkulu-kutentha mwamsanga chamunthuyo, ndi riyakitala anayamba overheat kwambiri, koma akatswiri a taphunzira za izo zinali mochedwa kwambiri, pamene ntchito anaona mmene nthunzi ya amanyamula ulamuliro ndodo.

Pozindikira ngozi za nkhaniyi, Dyatlov anaganiza chitani ndi kuchepetsa pangozi mphamvu riyakitala. Mwaukadaulo, izi zikutanthauza onse pazipita kumiza ndodo zonse kulamulira. Chiphunzitso, muyenera kukhala ndi mofulumira kuchepa riyakitala kutentha, koma akatswiri Kodi kuganizira kuti pa malekezero a ndodo ndi bromine ndi graphite, ndiwo poyamba mwachidule aukitsa kutentha kwa riyakitala lapansi. Ndipo kuyambira ndodo adatchithisira imodzi, ndi riyakitala kutentha anaimirira pafupi yomweyo khumi kuchulukitsa, chifukwa mu riyakitala osati kuima zoipazi chakumene.

Choncho, zimayambitsa luso ngozi Chernobyl imakhudzana ndi zolakwa riyakitala yomanga ake, komanso kulakwitsa kwa anthu ndi kuphwanya malamulo.

Achoke kwa anthu ndi ziyenera amadza

Popeza ngozi Chernobyl kunachitika usiku, kufufuza zotsatira zake linayamba m'mawa pa 27 April. Pasanadutse firefighters angapo anatumizidwa ku Kupha moto chifukwa kuphulika lapansi. Pambuyo kusanthula pamwamba ndi kuyeza mlingo wa poizoni mu mlengalenga, yemwe anali oposa 120 x-ray (pa mlingo wa 20), zinadziwika kufunika momveka kwa kuthawa.

Pa nthawi imeneyo anthu mwalamulo analidziwitsa za kufunika yochepa kuchoka m'mizinda yapafupi ya Kyiv dera. Palibe amene sankadziwa kufunika kwa zimene zachitika. Mzinda malo achoke akhala amadziŵika, amene analeredwa onse m'tawuni basi zombo. Anthu anasamutsidwa mofulumira, kotero nzika anakakamizika kusiya zinthu zawo zonse ndi ntchito moona m'nyumba zawo, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo analetsedwa katundu chifukwa cha chiopsezo kuipitsidwa nyukiliya.

Popeza ngozi Chernobyl mwadzidzidzi, tsiku lina, anthu ataya pafupifupi chilichonse: a ntchito, denga pamwamba pa mitu yawo, achita matenda aakulu, ndipo ambiri patangopita zaka zochepa, anafa ndi matenda dzuwa, anataya okondedwa awo. Koma zotsatira za tsoka limene anali wamkulu Pripyat, Chernobyl ndi dera lonse. Cheza anapita kumadzulo, kulera ndi cheza maziko mu Belarus ndi Europe Central. Kuwonjezera mlingo wa poizoni ngakhale anadandaula Sweden. Koma si wokhala wa Pripyat ndi midzi yake yozungulira wasiya m'dera kachilombo. Anthu ena, mwamphamvu mwamamatira dziko lakwawo, akhalabe m'nyumba zawo. anthu amenewa anali kuona downside kwa mphamvu za nyukiliya.

ngozi Kupha

Ngakhale achoke, n'kuchoka riyakitala panamveka cheza chakupha, kunali kosatheka ngati pali Komanso kwathunthu kuletsa Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu yomweyo pambuyo ngozi zinali zosatheka kwathunthu. Choncho, gulu la liquidators inakhazikitsidwa kuti pothetsa mavuto.

The liquidators wa ngozi Chernobyl analembedwa mwaufulu. Ena mwa iwo anali onse Emergency Zochitika undunawu ndi usilikali, kuphatikizapo usilikali, ndi kusamalira za anthu wamba. media Soviet ukufalitsidwa za chitetezo ndi kupezeka mphamvu ya nyukiliya anauzidwa kuti tsogolo lake. Pa nthawi imeneyo, anthu osadziwa mphamvu nyukiliya sankadziwa kuopsa kwa zinthu, chifukwa mu liquidators wa ngozi Chernobyl anali mwaufulu, modzipereka akufuna kuthandiza m'dziko lake.

Pakumala iwo anazindikira nkhanza kuchichepetsa thanzi lake. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika anali kudzaza riyakitala liquidators. Chifukwa, kuzungulira riyakitala liquidators mphamvu sarcophagus inamangidwa, chimene chinali kufala zina cheza ndi chiyembekezo kuti kamodzi dera Chernobyl adzakhalanso kukhala monga Choyala.

Liquidators analandira cheza mlingo anapha anthu ambiri kwa zaka zingapo. Ena olumala, kuwasamalira zonse mankhwala okwera mtengo. Choyamba Liquidators mwamsanga ntchito yawo anatumidwa ndi ndege ku Moscow pa Institute of matenda poizoni yekha pa nthawi imeneyo ku Soviet Union. Ena liquidators, atagwidwa mu bungwe ili, anapulumutsidwa. The ena analandira amapereka boma mu mawonekedwe a penshoni ndi ubwino, ndi osungidwa ndi wodziimira Ukraine masiku ano.

Zotsatira za ngozi ku dera Chernobyl: kulengedwa kwa zone kupatulana

The zotsatira za ngozi Chernobyl anali zoopsa. Onse m'chigawo cha Kyiv dera Chernobyl anamuzindikira monga osayenera azikhalamo, kotero kuti kunatha ndipo umasamutsidwa ku ulamuliro wa chigawo cha Kyiv dera Ivankov. M'dera Chernobyl anatchedwa zone wa kupatuka. Pa misewu ya ku dera anakhazikitsako checkpoints, ndi gawo lokha kenako wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba ndi kuteteza ku looters.

Za zone kupatulana pali mphekesera ambiri ndi nthano, linkawombedwa zambiri zimayambitsa zina ngozi pa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Chernobyl zone kangapo anapita chidwi olemba, atolankhani ndi ndiAmene masewera a pakompyuta. Zikuonekanso anakopeka ojambula ngati malo ngozi pa mbewu. Photos malo awa, wopangidwa postapokapalipticheskom kalembedwe chidwi cha osayanjanitsika.

Chiphunzitso kuti Chernobyl zone lili zinsinsi sichimva ndi boma, alipo lero, ngakhale kuti ulamuliro yolowera zone si zolimba, ndi Chernobyl pali yovomerezeka maulendo alendo.

Alendo ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana amakopeka mzinda wa Pripyat, umene ndi mzinda-zakale, zomwe chisanu nyengo Soviet wa Mipingo mochedwa. Kuyambira pamenepo, icho chimasintha kanthu. Woods pafupi Chernobyl, akhala pristine, unakhala ankakonda malo alenje. A mpesa Chernobyl (NPP ngozi zimatikhudza motani pamlingo wocheperapo) watsala khumi anthu abwerera kunyumba kwawo.

wotsogolera Analinso osangalatsa ngozi pa Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu. Mufilimuyi "agulugufe", anajambula mu Ukraine mu 2013, wakhala mwaluso weniweni wa amaziona m'mafilimu amene amalola kum'patsa Scott mu dziko maganizo anthu, anagwidwa phokoso la zochitika pa nthawi imeneyo.

Zotsatira za ngozi dziko lonse. World anthu anachita

Anakakamizika kuthawa zachititsa imfa irretrievable chikhalidwe ovomerezeka a m'dera Chernobyl, umene anthu anasiya osati m'dera Kiev, komanso m'dziko lonselo. Soviet Union anakakamizika kusintha maganizo awo kuti mphamvu nyukiliya ndi ntchito zake ambiri. Komanso, ena a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti zotsatira za ngozi Chernobyl kuti kuchichepetsa mphamvu za boma pa maso pa anthu.

Dziko, makamaka capitalist, pagulu, politicized ndi Chidani nkhondo, kuzimwera kuukira yaikulu mu Soviet Union Address mogwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa poizoni ake. media Western zinadzala ndi nkhani za akuchitirana nkhanza za utsogoleri Soviet a boma, kuti zotsatira za ngozi pa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya - zotsatira za kafukufuku chobisika, chimene kwenikweni sizinali choncho kutali ndi choonadi. Makamaka zikuchepa ndi Soviet Union anasonyeza Japan, asayansi Soviet otchedwa akunjawo, amene sangapatsidwe mphamvu za nyukiliya. Mwina mtolankhani amene analemba nkhaniyi ndikusinthidwa maganizo ake pambuyo pa ngozi Fukushima.

ngozi yaikulu pa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya mu dziko

Ngakhale tsoka Chernobyl ndipo ankaona ngozi yaikulu pa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya mu dziko, panali ena osati zochepa kwambiri zinachitika.

The ngozi pa Three Mile Island

Mu zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri asanatsindikize ngoziyi inkachitika pa Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya chomera, 28 March 1979 ngozi nyukiliya zinachitika mu United States, mphamvu chomera Three Mile Island, limene lili mu Pennsylvania. Pa nthawi imeneyo, ngozi imeneyi ankaona waukulu mu dziko. cheza kutayikira kwachitika chifukwa yojambula kutentha chitoliro unit.

Ngakhale ukulu wa ngozi pa mbewu, boma analibe agwire achoke yokakamiza, chifukwa si ngozi yoopsa. Komabe, ana ndi amayi apakati adakali analangiza mongoyembekezera kusiya pafupi tawuni Garisberg. Kwenikweni ku misewu pafupi kwa NPP amuna adasiya okha poopa kuwala nyukiliya.

Nyukiliya magetsi Three Mile Island sanaleke ntchito yake ndipo akupitiriza kugwira ncthito lero, monga yaikulu US nyukiliya magetsi.

The ngozi pa Fukushima

lachiwiri pa lonse zotsatira zake (pambuyo ngozi) amatenga ngozi pa Fukushima mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu, yomwe ili kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Japan. ngozi chinachitika March 11, 2011. Chifukwa cha chivomezi chachikulu mfundo 9 pa a Richter lonse wauka 11 mita mkulu madzi osefukira yoweyula kuti anasefukira Fukushima-1 mphamvu mayunitsi. Unachititsa kulephera kwa dongosolo riyakitala kuzirala ndi kutsogozedwa mabomba angapo wa hydrogen m'dera ake yogwira.

The ngozi pa Fukushima mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu zayambitsa zikuluzikulu amasulidwe dzuwa, zomwe ndi nthawi 20 kuposa ake Chernobyl anzake. About 30,000 anthu anali kuipitsidwa nyukiliya. Kumene, kokha chifukwa cha yankho yake ya boma Japanese, ndi kukonzekera mwadzidzidzi anakwanitsa kupewa mavuto koipa kuposa zinafuna komwe kunachitika mu ngozi 1986 pa Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu. Komabe, akatswiri kulosera, ayenera kukhala zaka zosachepera 20, pamene zotsatira za ngozi sadzaweruzidwa kwathunthu zopanda. tsoka anakhudza osati Japan komanso kugombe la kumadzulo kwa United States, pamene masiku angapo pambuyo kuphulika, nayenso, anali kuwonjezeka mu cheza maziko.

Mu Japan, monga mu US, sanali wopereka achoke, pamene dongosolo ano atomiki mphamvu kuteteza msanga localize gwero la umuna, kupewa kusintha kwa midzi yonse m'chipululu bwinja. Komabe, Japan anayika ndi mpweya wambiri wa poizoni mu chakudya, madzi ndi mpweya m'gawo la Fukushima Prefecture, pafupi nthawi yomweyo wa riyakitala kuonongeka. mchikhalidwe ukhondo wa milingo cheza cha mankhwala ambiri asinthidwa chifukwa chakuti amatsatira iwo kunali kosatheka.

Mosakayikira, mphamvu za nyukiliya adzapeza ndi mtengo koma machitidwe a zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya amafuna bwino kusamala, ngati zimayambitsa ngozi pa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya angathe kukhala mwadzidzidzi kwambiri. Koma ngakhale ndi zofunikira zonse sizitanthauza kuti tinalephera munthu kapena asayanjidwe zachilengedwe sadzachititsa ngozi. Ndipo zotsatira za ngozi pa zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi kuthetsa khumi kuposa wina. Choncho, lero dziko maganizo abwino akuganiza kupanga mphamvu zina za zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya.