Mphesa phylloxera: zimayambitsa ndi miyeso ulamuliro

Aliyense munda kapena mwini wa m'dera wakunja kwatawuni tikufuna kukula onunkhira, mphesa yowutsa mudyo, amene akhoza kudzitama kuti agronomists odziwa. Koma kwenikweni, ndondomeko imeneyi ndi yovuta kwambiri, chifukwa nyengo kawirikawiri ndi mavuto ambiri, kuphatikizapo tizirombo. Ndipo mmodzi wa matenda ambiri ndi nsabwe. Kupeza tizilombo izi mu thengo, musati mantha, chifukwa mphesa phylloxera mosavuta anagonjetsa ngati kuzindikira mdani ndi kuyamba pa nthawi yake kuchita.

Kodi pepala mawonekedwe a matenda

Azindikire nsabwe chabe ngati kusonyeza chisamaliro ndi kuyang'ana pa zomera. galls zenizeni pa masamba, warty ngati mapangidwe mawonekedwe ozungulira, zikusonyeza kuti mphesa tsamba phylloxera. Ngati matuza akalipo yekha mbali m'munsi mwa unyinji wobiriwira, ndi matenda yaikulu ya chitsamba, ngati pamwamba, mphutsi akhazikika kachiwiri.

Tikumbukenso kuti mphamvu ya phylloxera pa zomera akhoza kukhala osiyana ndi zimadalira chitetezo chokwanira pa tchire ndi msinkhu wawo.

Choncho, ngati maliseche diso kuoneka bwino phylloxera (zophuka pa masamba mphesa), polimbana ayenera kuyamba panopo. Komabe, akatswiri kusiyanitsa pakati pa muzu ndi mawonekedwe a matenda, chifukwa cha zomwe pang'onopang'ono pansi tchire kukula, pepala amakhala ang'onoang'ono, ndipo fruiting - zochepa. Zowoneka, mbewu chabe maganizo ndi kukhazikitsa chifukwa chenicheni cha matenda ake kuposa kamodzi kutenga zitsanzo kuphunzira zambiri.

Kodi kuzindikira muzu mawonekedwe a matenda

Pofuna kudziwa kumene kuli nsabwe kapena kuda nthawi dongosolo muzu, muyenera kukumba kunja mipesa angapo Muzisamala kapena mizu pamwamba. Akatswiri amalangiza prodelyvat ndondomeko mu theka lachiwiri la chilimwe, chifukwa nthawi imeneyi ndi tizilombo mwachangu zimafalitsidwa ndipo n'kosavuta kudziwa. Mu chitsanzo anatengedwa ayenera kukhala pano ndi nthaka. Pang'ono pang'ono nadzawasankhula woonda ndi mpeni wakuthwa kapena scalpel apezeka lapansi ndi kuona zimene Ming'alu kotekisi lapansi. Ngati mphesa phylloxera pa iwo alipo, wodzala anaona lofufuma kwambiri mbali imodzi yaing'ono mizu ang'onoang'ono, wakuda - masango aphid ngati mawanga achikasu. Iwo roundish, zosaposa 1 centimeter awiri. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti anakhudzidwa muzu nsonga kutenga zitamangiriridwa kapena clavate ndi chikasu woyera tinatake tozungulira kuti m'kupita mdima, kuswa, ndiyeno kwathunthu kukhala pafupifupi osiyana. Makungwa akufanana chinkhupule kutha, ndi muzu zikuwoneka lopuwala.

Kumayambiriro wa phylloxera matenda pa mphesa ndi pafupifupi wosaoneka, ndipo n'zotheka kudziwa okha chaka chachisanu, kotero vykopok ndondomeko kulamulira kuti prodelyvat pachaka. Nkofunika kukumbukira kuti tizilombo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'madera m'malire kukuchitika matenda, monga nthawi kusiya zomera kudwala kwambiri ndi kugwa pa wathanzi. Tizilombo angathe populata padziko muzu, ndipo gawo unali pa akuya pang'ono kuposa mita imodzi. Kuyang'anira ayenera anasankha toyesa a zitsamba moyo.

Dziko phylloxera, pamene ndi kumene anapezeka

Home kwa owopsa kwaokha tizilombo ndi gawo kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa United States. Nthawi zambiri anakumana pa zitsamba zakutchire kukula mu Mississippi Mtsinje beseni. Kugonjetsedwa woyamba wa mpesa anatha kukonza mu 1868, chaka Europe. History amatiuza kuti m'zaka za m'ma 19, mphesa phylloxera anawononga mahekitala oposa 6 m'minda, nawonekera mu Russia mu 1880. Great wodzala V. E. Tairov kudziŵika kuti aphid ndi choopsa ndi kulimbikira tizilombo, chifukwa moyo pa mizu ndi masamba, kuononga chitsamba kumbuyo chitsamba ndi kulikonse umangobweretsa owonongedwa ndi tsoka. Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka zana tizilombo anaonekera kum'mwera kwa France, ndi liwiro zapadera kufalitsa pafupifupi m'madera onse a ku Ulaya.

Dziwani, mu nthawi yochepa phylloxera anawononga pa 70% ya mpesa padziko lonse.

tizirombo moyo muzu

Mphesa nsabwe ndi lifecycle zovuta kwambiri, ndipo lagawidwa njira zotsatirazi:

• mobisa;
• nthaka;
• kupereka limasonyeza (mapiko).

Choncho, mwamtheradi onse aphid munthu limene limatsutsa dongosolo muzu, Oyeretsedwa wamkazi. Tizilombo yodziwika ndi kupanda mapiko, mtundu wachikasu-wobiriwira ndi madontho yaing'ono mdima kumbuyo. Woyamwa Zikuluzikulu kusamukira kuchokera kumutu mpaka m'mimba mwa thupi ndipo amatha kubaya mizu ya chitsamba cha kutopa chakudya. Mkati 4 - 6 milungu, akazi akuika mazana mazira chikasu, umene masiku 8-10 mphutsi amabadwa ndi Zikuluzikulu yaitali kwambiri. mawonekedwe tizilombo wakonda moyo zomera okalamba ndi overwinter iwo.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti moyo kuphuka mphutsi ndi kugonjetsedwa kwambiri ozizira, ndi kumenyana nawo si kophweka.

mitundu moyo mapiko

Mu chilimwe - yophukira oyambirira mwa nymphs muzu aphid Tingaone - ndi woonda lalanje nsomba ndi zoyamba za mapiko. Akuyamba kukhala wochitachita mu zikhalidwe za chinyezi mkulu ndi zinthu zina nyengo. Tizilombo ndituluke pamwamba ndipo pambuyo 4 moulting kwathunthu lidzasinthidwa mawonekedwe mapiko ndi tentacles yaitali ndi maso bwino anayamba. Chotero tizilombo kale timatha kuuluka pa mtunda waufupi pa impso mphesa underside wa pepala ndi lotayirira makungwa mazira unfertilized. A mphutsi kakang'ono kwambiri kukula toyesa wamwamuna, amene amakhala masiku 10 okha, chifukwa iwo sangathe kudya chifukwa cha kupanda Zikuluzikulu. Komabe, pambuyo limodzi kugonana, akazi kutchera wina ubwamuna dzira, umene yozizira mu ming'alu ndi mphako ya mitengo yakale.

Moyo mawonekedwe pepala

M'chaka cha chisanu mazira kuwaswa ku nsabwe wingless wamkazi kuthetsa poyamba mu tsamba 1-6. Pang'onopang'ono anasamukira apamwamba ndi woyamwa kuchokera pamwamba pa misa wobiriwira timadziti onse. The puncture malo aumbike ndulu wobiriwira ndi mawonekedwe concave, nthawi zina ndi mawanga utoto. Patangotha masabata angapo mphesa phylloxera kutchera mazira oposa 1,000, umene masiku 8 muli anthu wamng'ono, Kukhala pa mphukira wosalimba. Tizilombo perepolzet mofulumira oposa, ndi pamene mmera kachilombo kwathunthu - anasamukira ku tchire ena. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti m'mikhalidwe yabwino nyengo limodzi angathe 5 mibadwo ya nsabwe. Ndi kugwa kwa tizilombo amakhala kwambiri thupi lake ndi wamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo Zikuluzikulu - yaitali. Ngakhale kuti maonekedwe pepala anaphedwa limodzi ndi masamba akugwa, monga phylloxera mphesa pa njira kulimbana izo amanyamula kulimbikira kwambiri.

Kodi phylloxera

Nsabwe Mphesa Muzu, tsamba ndi mawonekedwe mapiko angathe mwakhama kulimbikitsa mphukira wobiriwira, masamba ndi nthaka. Nthaŵi zina anthu mobisa pamwamba, kumene wotchi amasuntha popanda chakudya ndi zina pa mlingo wa masentimita 3 pa mphindi. tizilombo Mbalame kugonjetsa mamita 100. Komanso mphesa phylloxera ankangokhala akusunthira kutali mitsinje ya mphepo, dothi kapena Madzi a mvula. Pali milandu pamene tizilombo kugonjetsa za 30 makilomita. Imathandiza kuti kufala kwa matenda ndi munthu amene amagula katemera kachilombo ndiponso chuma kubzala, Machining zomera wathanzi ndi zida zauve.

Komanso, tizilombo kunyamulidwa ndi nyama ndi mbalame zakuthengo.

The phylloxera oopsa

Mu ndondomeko ya moyo wawo phylloxera makamaka umakhudza dongosolo muzu, kotero chitsamba chaka wolandira zochepa zakudya kapena kwathunthu ikutha timadya iwo. Tinatake tozungulira, tinatake tozungulira ndi tinatake tozungulira kwathunthu mumakhala mbali mobisa zomera, kuwachititsa kufa ndi njala. zitsamba Young mukhoza kuyamba adzauma kwa zaka 3-5 pambuyo kugonjetsedwa, ndi akulu kwambiri - patapita nthawi yaitali. Mphukira wofooka mphesa mulibe nthawi kuti zipse, kotero kawirikawiri sangakhoze kulekerera ndi frosts yozizira.

Ngati tikulingalira chotupa, tikhoza kuona kuti limafotokoza mawonekedwe osiyana chowulungika, chifukwa tizilombo kufalikira mu njira zonse ku chinthu nthenda yaikulu. Kuposa kuchiza phylloxera mphesa, ndi zithunzi ndi kufotokoza zambiri za tizilombo mosavuta opezeka m'mabuku ambiri, koma ndi bwino kugula mitundu matenda zosagwira.

Zomwe mphesa zosiyanasiyana ndi bwino zomera pamalowa

Popeza tizilombo amakhala makamaka pa mitundu mphesa American, akatswiri amalangiza kukula mitundu chomera European, chodzala iwo mu mchenga. Rationally kukopa kwa mitundu yatsopano zovuta zosagwira kapena hybrids Amapulumutsa Villars. Molondola ntchito mitundu mphesa European kuti ndi kugonjetsedwa phylloxera pa nthawi ya katemera.

mitundu otero chitsa mipesa:

• Kober 5BB;
• Riparia × rupestris 101-14;
• Riparia Gloire.

zomera ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi mizu lawola ndondomeko ndi nthawi ya matenda phylloxera simufa.

njira Traditional kulimbana phylloxera

Pambuyo phylloxera mpesa anapeza - polimbana ayenera kuyamba panopo. Ngati kufala kwa tizilombo ang'ono n'zotheka kwathunthu yoperekera njira improvised. Choncho, yesani kutsuka tizilombo zoipa lalikulu madzi kuthamanga, kenako iwo anakhala nyama ya mbalame. Ndondomeko ziyenera kuchitidwa maulendo angapo.

Komanso, ambiri akulangizidwa kukonzekera zosiyanasiyana zothetsera:

• Sopo (100 ga phula sopo kusungunuka malita 10 a madzi). N'zotheka kusakaniza sopo ndi pang'ono kusamba ufa ndi detergent, koma ndi bwino kupewa mankhwala kwambiri onunkhira, chifukwa iwo kukopa tizilombo.
• Kuyambira phulusa (malita 1 chikho 5 wa madzi ndi kumva kwa maola 12).
• Komatu peel (malita 0.5 reboil particulate mankhwala mu madzi okwanira 1 litre, osasankhidwa ndi kuwonjezera wina L 10 a madzi).
• Kuchokera pamwamba zomera solanaceous (theka lembani 3-lita botolo finely akanadulidwa zitsamba ndi kutsanulira otentha madzi pa khosi. Adzapatsa kwa tsiku limodzi, onjezerani 1 tbsp L. Sopo tchipisi kapena ufa.).
• Fodya (1 chikho Brew fodya masamba mu 5 malita a madzi, adzapatsa ndi kuda).

Komanso, ambiri akukumana mpesa alimi akulangizidwa kuti abweretse munda tizilombo opindulitsa, mbalame, ndi dziko pafupi tchire la zitsamba onunkhira kapena maluwa.

Mankhwala kulimbana phylloxera

N'zoona kuti tchuthi monse amakhulupilira mu njira ya makolo ya kulimbana ndi nsabwe, kotero amakonda kugula zipangizo okonzeka zopangidwa m'masitolo apadera. Iwo m'pofunika kuti agwire chithandizo cha tizirombo mphesa phylloxera zomwe pafupifupi yagwa ndi mpweya ndipo amakhala otetezeka kwambiri njuchi.

The mankhwala ambiri ndi nsabwe:

• "Fastak" (ophatikizana fungicidal ndi insecticidal njira zina);
• "Phosalone" (wawononga nsabwe ndi kuteteza mbewu kwa nthawi yaitali, kuonetsa ntchito poizoni ngakhale pa otsika kutentha);
• "Aktellik" (popewa recolonization);
• "Kinmiks" (kuwononga akulu phylloxera ndi mphutsi za mitundu yonse);
• "Konfidor" ndi "B-58" (kupha tizilombo pepala mawonekedwe).

M'pofunikanso kwathunthu kuwononga malo matenda, ntchito flammable, oyaka mpweya disulfide, kudutsa kwambiri mu nthaka. Kutsatira miyezo analimbikitsa kwaokha kuteteza zomera zina kuchokera aphid malowedwe.