Magwero MCHP: zoyimira ndi makhalidwe

Mayiko Chilamulo Private (IPL) - dongosolo limodzi, lomwe limasonyeza ndi malamulo m'banja la State, ndi mapangano ndi zochita za kufunika lonse cholinga zonse boma, malamulo, ntchito ndi chibwenzi pawekha pamene pali mchitidwe wachilendo. Mu nkhani iyi, Gona payekha malamulo angakhale anthu onse malamulo ndi masoka. Kodi maziko, monga chomwecho apereka kwa kulankhulana?

Magwero MCHP: lingaliro ndi mitundu

Mu malamulo sayansi magwero a malamulo adziko lonse zimapanga zimasonyeza ndi kuphatikiza la malamulo mayiko malamulo, ndilo khalidwe la kulunjika. Tikumbukenso kuti magawo enieni kulemera kwa gwero la MPP zosiyanasiyana m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Dziwani kuti limodzi ndi dziko lomwelo angagwiritse ntchito malamulo, anatengedwa kuchokera ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Izi zidalira pa mtundu wa ubale malamulo.

Gulu la magwero a malamulo adziko lonse

Malinga mfundo yokhala:

• magwero zinthu MPP ndi peculiarities wa moyo wa anthu, umene uli chimakhala ndi khalidwe zakuthupi. Zimenezi ndi zofunika cholinga cha Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe, zikhalidwe za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, chigawo chuma ndi zina zotero.
• magwero ofunda ndi m'zigawozigawo kusinkhasinkha za lamulo.

Malinga ndi chida osankhidwa ndi kuthetsa mikangano yonse ya magwero IPL anawagawa:

• Kiyi. Zikuphatikizapo mapangano tanthauzo lonse, miyambo malamulo khalidwe lonse.
• Wothandiza. Phatikizani zikalata za chikhalidwe chosiyana (zachitikadi, mawu, mwaubwino, analengeza ndi ena), amene walemba ndi mamembala a mabungwe a ukulu padziko lonse, zigamulo, mawu akatswiri umafunika m'munda wa mgwirizano wa mayiko malamulo. Recent amatchedwa chiphunzitso.

mfundo ndi malamulo a malamulo adziko lonse

Chiphunzitso cha "mfundo" achilendo losanganikirana. Asayansi ena otchuka amanena kuti mfundo ndi postulates lathu malamulo a mtundu miyambo, amene amadziwika ngakhale malamulo a Aroma. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi ziganizo zokhudza chakuti malamulo alibe zotsatira retroactive, lamulo linalake chibadidwe ubwino pa lamulo wamba, mgwirizano ayenera kuphedwa ndi zina zotero. asayansi ena apeza malamulo ambiri ndi mfundo zofunika za MP.

mapangano lonse

Mayiko mgwirizano - mgwilizano wa limati awiri kapena kwa wina ndi mnzake, adzakhala mu kulemba ndi nkhani malinga ndi malamulo lonse.

Chikhalidwe mayiko a mgwirizano ndi kachitidwe malamulo a chitsanzo chapadera, amene anakonza ufulu, zofuna ndi maudindo a akuluakulu nzika za malamulo adziko lonse poyerekezera ndi mzake. Ntchito ya amenewa mgwirizano - kuti zonse unagona akuwuka pakati pa nzika za MPP, ndi mapulogalamu (onse mwakufuna mokakamiza ngati kusakhulupirika kwa zinthu zina).

The International Pangano - ndi ndiwo MPP. Otchedwa pangano akhoza ngati mukufuna, kuchokera alipidwa "pangano", "pangano" kutsiriza ndi "Convention", "Treatise" ndi zina zotero. D. Kodi dzina pangano la mayiko, kudziwa mbali zonse poganizira nzeru zokonda.

The peculiarity wa mgwirizano wa mayiko

Features magwero MPP mtundu pansi pa kuganizira udindo wawo, zomwe si mphamvu zake, ziribe kanthu mtundu wa gulu pangano sinasankhidweyo, ngati sanatchule. Kuzemba ya chakudya cha Pangano kumatanthauza udindo lolingana.

mawonekedwe a mgwirizano

mitundu Kodi magwero a IPL? Concept ndi mitundu ayankhidwa pansipa. Choncho, pangano pakati pa ophunzira a mgwirizano wa mayiko kungakhale m'njira Yolemba Ndiponso m'kamwa. Yotsirizira ntchito nthawi zina kwambiri, ndipo boma latsopano la Russia, tikhoza kunena, si ankachita konse. Mapangano pakamwa amatchedwanso gentlemanly. iwo sali mapangano mayiko Komanso, samasonyeza chikhalidwe malamulo, monga iwo akuimilira ya udindo abwino.

Boma Chirasha ankachita drafting mapangano mayiko yekha mu kulemba.

Gawo

mapangano mayiko ndi classifications angapo.

Malinga ndi chinthu lamulo magwero MPP anawagawa:

• chuma;
• mfundo;
• nkhondo;
• ena.

Malinga chiwerengero cha magwero lachitatu chipani MPP ndi:

• amgwirizano;
• Multilaterial.

Malinga ndi nyengo ya n'loonadi:

• Mwamsanga (amamvera kwa nyengo zina za nthawi);
• undated.

Malinga njira zilipo wokalamulira monga chiwalo cha magwero SPE anawagawa:

• lotseguka (Mapangano, kukhala chipani amatha ku dziko lachitatu);
• chatsekedwa (pangano limene ophunzira ayenera kutsatira zofuna zotchulidwa ndi muyezo).

Pa zili ndi dongosolo:

• chakale mtundu (wapangidwa FUNDO, kosangalatsa ndi mbali yomaliza).
• chosavuta (mgwirizano amene anafika ndi nzeru zolemba ndi zamitundu ina dongosolo fixable mu zida za ziwalo).

magwero zoweta PIL: chimango malamulo

Lamulo loposa onse! M'mayiko ambiri ndi malamulo a chilamulo Interstate payekha zikuphatikizapo Russian dziko malamulo. Monga gwero la IPL, kumaphatikizapo zochita malamulo, amene zinthu monga adiresi makiyi, zofuna ndi njira malamulo.

Iwo nazonso ndi nkhani zokhudzana ndi ankaona dera malamulo. Pa kusaina lamulo wapadera m'munda wa chilamulo payekha anapanga codification ake. The zosiyanasiyana lonse amalenga mapepala malamulo zikusonyeza kuti limagwirira kwa ndondomekoyi kabisidwe amakhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana.

Mu Russia dongosolo logwirizana la codification malamulo pa mlingo dziko si MPP. Sources National wa PIL latsopano la Russia muli zokhudza malamulo mseri kwa mabuku, makampani pokha mapepala zolimbana kuti akhoza kuzigwiritsa ntchito mlingo uliwonse ndi kukhala chiyambi iliyonse. The otsogolera wa Russian Constitution, mu mphamvu kuyambira 1993. Iwo zodziwika structuring wa "mfundo pagulu la dziko" gulu. Komanso, Constitution - chida chofunika kwambiri pa kudziwa malire wonse wa zochita za malamulo achilendo chiyambi ndi malamulo m'gawo la Russia.

Russian malamulo zoweta, monga gwero la IPL, muli malangizo ambiri kuti mankhwala mfundo MPP kugunda mtundu. Ofunika kwambiri a iwo - pa Civil Code la Chitaganya cha Russia. Kuvomereza ziwalo zosiyana kunayamba 1994, 1996 ndi 2001, motero.

Nambala chidwi nkhondo ya mfundo zikuphatikizapo Russian Banja Code, mu mphamvu popeza mapeto a 1995. magwero mayiko malamulo MPP monga chikalata ichi.

lamulo Private mayiko ku Russia komanso malamulo ndi malangizo amene kukhazikitsa malamulo a ndondomeko ya yachilendo zachuma ndi ndalama ntchito, kumene gawo lina. magwero zambiri amawaona MPP yodziwika ndi mavuto aakulu, koma nthanoyi anafotokozedwa malamulo a khalidwe, khalidwe la malonda makamaka malamulo - utsogoleri, chuma, miyambo, ntchito, boma ndi zina zotero.

Dziwani malamulo amenewa:

• "Pa ndalama zakunja amalowa Russia," anatengera July 9, 1999
• "Pa ntchito ndalama mu Russian Federation, umene uli mu mawonekedwe a ndalama likulu", zomveka kuchokera February 25 1999.
• "Pa Komiti ya Zamalonda wa Russian Federation" wa 1993
• "Pa boma lamulo la zochitika malonda yachilendo" kuyambira 1995.
• The 1998 "Pa ndondomeko kubwereketsa," Bambo
• "Pa miyeso kuteteza kukhazikitsa malonda yachilendo malonda" 1998.
• "Pa ulamuliro kunja," kuchokera 1999

Magwero SPE, m'gulu mndandanda wa zochita zikuluzikulu za boma mtundu m'dera limeneli mulinso Pulezidenti malamulo a Federation ndi Russian:

• "Pa liberalization wa ntchito yachilendo zachuma mmalire a RSFSR" wa 1991.
• "Pa wamakono ntchito ndi ndalama zakunja umayenda" 1993
• "Pa ntchito za mabungwe banki chiyambi ena ndi mtundu wa mabanki olowa ndi nawo ndalama sanali wokhala la Russia" imene 1993
• "The kukopa ndi kuzunzidwa ntchito chiyambi yachilendo" wa 1993.
• "Pa akuthandiza miyeso kukopa utuluke ndalama zakunja dera zakuthupi" kuyambira 1995
• "Pa mfundo yofunika ya ntchito malonda yachilendo ya Russia" 1995.
• "Pa malamulo a malonda yachilendo wotuluka tsintho monga mbali ya boma" ndi 1996

mwambo padziko lonse

Mitundu magwero IPL muli ndi miyambo ya ukulu padziko lonse. Kuti mwachindunji anatengedwa ndi ufulu kulandira udindo wa mwambo padziko lonse, ayenera kukumana zinthu zingapo:

• alipo kubwereza nthawi;
• kutsegula zinthu ndi zofanana;
• kupezeka kuvomerezedwa mwachindunji MPP kulamulidwa okha.

Mwambo - ndi wakudziko, anakhazikitsa nthawi zingapo zapitazo, ntchito imene amakhala ndi mosalekeza. Komabe, sizinalembedwe kulikonse. Ichi ndi chifukwa chachikulu pa malamulo adziko lonse mwambo.

mbali

miyambo lonse ofanana kwambiri wamba. Chachikulu kusiyana ndi kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa mphamvu malamulo.

Malamulo ndi makhalidwe mayiko padziko lonse lidzapambana kumangako yekha pa maphunziro amenewo SPE, mu State wa zimene losadziwika.

MPP miyambo latsopano la Russia pali mayiko malamulo ndi malonda. Yotsirizira wapeza ntchito yake yogwira kumayiko kumene Interstate malonda, mu moreplavatelnaya makamaka.

umboni

mwambo akhoza chimafotokozera mbali zotsatirazi:

• ambiri kuvomereza;
• pachilichonse mu ntchito;
• Kuzindikila lamulo lokakamiza mu mwalamulo.

Mwambo ndi chizolowezi

mfundo zimenezi ndi zofanana ndi alipo wina ndi mzake. Mwambo - khalidwe linalake, lomwe ndi kuvomerezedwa, pamene sikuti ntchito mu ntchito. Non-ikupanga si kungasokoneze nkhani MPP mayiko malamulo udindo. Koma chizolowezi wamba unconstrained m'posavuta magwero mayiko a PIL (miyambo), ngati izi molondola chimatengedwa ngati malamulo mayiko malamulo. Kudziwa chimodzimodzi pamene chizolowezi amakhala mwambo, sikutheka.

Mayiko mwambo, ndi pangano lonse

The kugwirizana awa zinthu ziwiri IPL chiri motere:

• Nthawi zambiri, mwambo mayiko zotchulidwa pa maziko contractual, kuti zikutsimikiziridwa ndi pangano, amene analowa State.
• Mgwilizano mayiko akhoza kukhala ndi mwambo padziko lonse.
• Mwambo akhoza kuchita monga zowonjezerazo mapangano amgwirizano, likhale kusintha yoyenera ndi kusinthidwa pa ntchito makonzedwe ena.

malamulo khoti

Yotsatira IPL gwero ndi milandu zachilendo.

Mlanduwu lamulo - dongosolo ozikidwa pa malamulo ziri mu zosankha zokhudza zakuweluzidwa kwa milandu. Panopa ntchito imeneyi malamulo analandira kutchuka kwambiri mu maiko amene anali kale gawo la Britain. Ena mwa iwo ndi Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand.

Mbiri, nkhani apongozi - mgwirizano wa ufulu wamba ndi chilungamo akuchita mu England 650 zaka zapitazo. milandu anali yodziwika ndi kusinthasintha zina ndi zinthu mu njira ntchito kuyerekeza zochitika pa ofesi. M'mabwalo a lamulo wamba komanso anali yodziwika ndi njira zambiri ndiwofatsa komanso miyambo ndi ndondomeko yothetsera kusamvana ndiponso zochita. Zinali yotsirizira ndi maziko a malamulo amakono choncho.

Kuti "kuyatsa" ndi kumvetsa mfundo zazikulu za ufulu wa precedents milandu, m'pofunika kuti tipeze zili siyana atatu kuti achingelezi dongosolo lothandiza kudziwa terminology chiyambi Latin ndi kuwulula mfundo magwero IPL: modabwa decisis, chiŵerengero decidenti ndi dictum.

• Modabwa decisis. Pamene amatanthauza "kutsatira chigamulo." Mfundo imeneyi, yomwe anatsindika kufunika chisankho akuti ulamuliro zachiweruzo, ndi adzamangidwa ndi. Ndi zofanana mwamtheradi chigamulochi ndi chikalata, ndi maganizo wotsatira milandu ofanana.
• Chiŵerengero decidenti. Matupi kuchita choncho mpongozi, kuganizira zochita za bwalo si kwathunthu, koma pang'ono. Kapena kukhala mwatsatanetsatane yekha gawo limene amabweretsera malamulo atsimikiziridwa zochokera zili umene chitaperekedwa chigamulochi yokha.
• Dictum. Kodi sikuthandiza mawu, mbiri, zolemba, ananena kuti zagwira chiweruzo ayi, chifukwa sanalenge choika maziko.

Paokha kudziwa zigawo zikuluzikulu pamwamba ali chiweruzo makamaka kovuta.