Mwambo woyamba wa mphamvu Soviet m'munda wa zachuma: history, kufotokoza ndi zotsatira

Kale, pamene miyezo zoyamba za mphamvu Soviet kunachitika mu chuma, pulogalamu yake ongolankhula ndale wopyoza magawo angapo a chitukuko. The Bolsheviks anali mokomera kwambiri maganizo lamanzere mapiko, ndipo maganizo awo sizinachitike akuyendera dziko lililonse padziko lapansi. Choncho zochita zawo anali mu chikhalidwe cha zimenezo.

Mfundo molimbana ndi chuma akale

The Bolsheviks anali pa helm wa ikadzatha nthawi ya kusintha Petrograd. The adani a Zima Palace ndi lonse Russian likulu anali limodzi ndi kupondereza ndi olimbikitsa Republic. Mpaka mapeto a Civil nkhondo ndi zinthu kiyi anatengedwa mu chipani, Vladimir Lenin ndi Leon Trotsky. Iwo mwaisandutsa likulu lawo Smolny, kumene ntchito zochita zawo.

Mwambo woyamba wa mphamvu Soviet kunachitidwa tsiku lotsatira pambuyo kulanda boma la. Malingana ndi kalendala watsopano, umene anayambitsa miyezi ingapo, mu msewu anaima November 7, 1917, pamene analengeza za chiyambi cha nationalization amakampani ndi zinthu zachilengedwe dziko.

Malinga ndi Leninist ndi Marxist mfundo, chuma lonse, anapatsira m'manja mwa anthu (kapena kani, proletariat). Ndipotu zoona, sizinali choncho. chuma anakhala pagulu. Mwambo woyamba wa boma la Soviet wakhala lolunjika pa kufunika kusonkhanitsa chuma chonse cha Petrograd ndi madera olamulidwa kuonetsetsa chigonjetso cha Bolsheviks kulimbana otsutsa ndale.

Kuponderezedwa ndi confiscatory zochita zimene zinachitika pa Civil nkhondo, ankatchedwa "nkhondo chikominisi." Zinali osati malamulo okhudzana ndi chuma, komanso malamulo, anafuna kuti asilikali, ndi zina zotero D..

Nationalization za mabanki

Wozunzidwayo poyamba ananena zitini nationalization zitsulo. Party kunali kofunika kupeza ndalama monga momwe mungathere, amene angathe ndiye ntchito pa nkhondo. Bank State lili St. Petersburg, analandidwa pa usiku woyamba zingapo, pamene detachment a asilikali ndi amalinyero anathyola mu nyumbayi mabungwe, ndi kutilanda ndalama zonse. M'mwezi woyamba wa totere yonyansa chithunzi ankapezeka m'madera onse a likulu.

The Bolsheviks wolungama zochita zawo ndi malamulo anatengera retroactively. Only mu December, panali lamulo la Mayiko a Commissars Anthu, mogwirizana ndi zomwe anathetsa mwalamulo mabanki yaikulu - otchuka Land ndi m'mphawi Land. Iwo anakhazikitsidwa mu ulamuliro wa Alexander III ndipo anapereka ngongole kwa nzika ndipo m'mudzimo. Ndi ngongole imeneyi, alimi ambiri anali Ngokhoza kulenga kuchokera zikande munda anu ndi kusamukira Siberia pa mwambowu Stolypin. Olemekezeka kubanki sadzakhalakonso chifukwa yosavuta kuti anthu otchuka monga kagulu chikhalidwe linathetsedwa mwa lamulo lina la SNK. Ngongole kwa alimi anataya kufunika kwawo pankhondo.

achire ndalama

mofulumira kwambiri, magombe asiya gwero la ndalama zina kwa chipani. Choncho, mwambo woyamba wa dziko la Soviet ataona mavuto a zachuma kugona kulandidwa kwambiri ndalama kwa anthu ambiri. Pa nkhani za anthu kuchotsedwa zinkafuna, komanso inalandidwa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali - golide ndi siliva. State Bank anaperekedwa kuchuluka zosaposa rubles 500.

Komabe, ngakhale izi "kukondera" ndi anthu kunapezeka kuti phindu. Chifukwa cha First World nkhondo ndi Civil zotsatira mu Russia anayamba hyperinflation. Ruble devalued m'maso, kotero ntchito ya ndalama sanaphedwe anthu sanaonekenso.

makampani Jambulani

phunziro lina lofunika anali nationalization malonda dziko. Apa zinali ngakhale zovuta. Vuto linali lakuti pa ogwira Tsarist Russian mu ufumu kulengedwa ndipo anayamba likuvutika likulu lina. Icho chinali chodabwitsa yachibadwa kugwirizana ndi kusakanikirana kwa chuma zoweta mu msika lonse. Mwachitsanzo, amalonda British awononga ndalama kwambiri mu kukula kwa Donetsk khala beseni, kumene kunali zomera zamakono ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha ntchito.

The First World nkhondo sanathe kuchenjeza opanga achilendo, koma icho chinali chodabwitsa ambiri. February utasintha potsiriza chidaliro mu mtendere wa eni boma. Iwo anayamba kuthawira likulu, omwe sakanakhoza ngakhale kuletsa mbali yapamwamba ya msika Russian (mwachitsanzo, ntchito wotchipa).

akupitirizabe payekha likulu

Mu miyezi itatu cha ulamuliro wake, achikomyunizimu nationalized pafupifupi zikwi mabizinezi. Ambiri a iwo anali wamasiye adzasiyidwa. Tsoka lililonse dera kupanga ali negotiated payokha lamulo. Mu May anabwera malamulo pa nationalization malonda shuga, ndi mu June lingaliro lofanana anatengedwa pa makampani mafuta. Ndi kugwa kwa chiwerengero cha mafakitale ndi zomera, yotengedwa ndi mphamvu Soviet, anafika chizindikiro zikwi khumi.

The eni kale payekha sanalandire malipilo aliwonse pambuyo kulandidwa katundu wake. Izi zachititsa kuti amalonda simunamudziwebe maso ndi maso ndi kukhazikitsidwa bungwe la Supreme Economic, chabe kuthawa dziko. Izi mantha capitalist anatsogolera miyeso zoyamba za mphamvu Soviet. Mbiri ya malonda pawekha Russia chatha, nthawi sankalimbana nafe centralized chuma.

chakudya gawo

The First World nkhondo yokakamiza boma tsarist amachita oyamba a mbewu okhawo ndi ubweya. Mwambo woyamba wa mphamvu Soviet mderali zachitika mfundo imeneyi, kubweretsa dziko njala. Chakudya gawo wamba akuyenera kupereka boma gawo la zokolola zawo. Kuwonongeka kwa zinthu pa kutsogolo ndi mliri wa nkhondo yapachiweniweni yafupika chakudya anakhalabe m'mudzimo. Mbadwa za kumadera kumenyana wofiira ndi woyera, zowawa zambiri. Panali nthawi zina pamene nthawi chuma wina angapo agwidwa ndi maphwando osiyana mkangano.

Anali mfundo kuzisiya kwa issuance mkate ndi mbewu. The miyeso choyamba cha boma la Soviet mu chuma kwachititsa chakuti wamba anakhalabe yekha mtengo wa moyo. Mpesa 1919 anavutika kwambiri kuposa pamene inalandidwa mbatata. Komanso, wamba anachotsa nyama ndi kupha ng'ombe. Mu 1920, anthu a m'mudzimo Ankawaphwanyira pafupifupi onse mbewu. Kwambiri pa zinthu inalandidwa anali mu ankhondo, pamene winayo zimagulitsidwa, ndipo analandira kwa iye phindu kachiwiri ntchito pa zofuna asilikali.

Tsoka pa ulimi

Ndi aliyense yokolola wamba ankadandaula wamphamvu. Kusakhutira pomizika kupanduka, amene anali kuponderezedwa mwankhanza ndi Red Army. Instigators ndi ophunzira Zionetsero anawomberedwa monga potsimikizira-boma. The aakulu kwambiri wamba kupanduka pa Civil nkhondo ndi nkhondo chikominisi anali Tambov, kapena Antonovskoe chiwembu (wotchedwa ndi dzina la mmodzi wa atsogoleri a gululo). Kuti m'mudzimo limodzi ndi Red Army deserters ndi asilikali demobilized. Pa yimitsira wa atapanduka 1920-1921 gg. anaponyedwa mphamvu ndithu nkhondo, anatsogolera Mikhail Tukhachevsky. Mu Tambov icho poyamba ntchito ndi zoweta zida za mankhwala. Aphedwa alimi oposa 10 zikwi.

The miyeso woyamba chuma mphamvu Soviet m'munda wa ulimi zinachititsa kuti njala konsekonse mu dziko. Tsoka kowopsya zinachitika mu dera Volga, kumene mu 1921-1922. njala anthu 40 miliyoni, pafupifupi 5 miliyoni afa.

The miyeso woyamba chuma cha boma la Soviet analandira khalidwe la tsoka dziko. Zimenezi zinachitika chifukwa chakuti Bolsheviks anatenga kusintha kwambiri kwakukulu mu Civil nkhondo. Repartition wa ulimi, nationalization a mabanki ndi makampani anali pansi mawu okhwima maganizo. Palibe ubwino ku moyo umenewu sanali a boma ndi anthu chosakhutitsidwa anali kuopsezedwa ndi kupondereza. Waukulu Commission walandira chilolezo kuti anawomberedwa popanda mlandu milandu "kauntala".

Kulandidwa kwa chuma cha mpingo

Kufinya chuma cha dziko, Bolsheviks agwiritsa ntchito katundu wa chirichonse chimene Akadagulitsidw. Chifukwa cha njala anayambika ndawala kulanda katundu mpingo udayambika. M'munda izi miyeso zoyamba za mphamvu Soviet si ambiri looting, koma chiwonongeko lenileni la makachisi. miyeso Economic anali limodzi ndi mabodza ndi maganizo nkhondo "ansembe."

Analandidwa katundu anali kupita thandizo la njala Anthu a m'dera Volga, ngakhale kuti sanali nthawizonse. Misa imfa ya anthu akumidzi cha njala anali kukwaniritsidwa kwa mfundo zachuma, gawo lakale nkhondo chikominisi.

NEP

Osefukira zinthu za dziko pambuyo Civil nkhondo zinachititsa kuti Lenin pa kukondera maganizo. Iye anali Mlengi wa malamulo atsopano chuma, kudziwika monga Policy Chatsopano Economic. Sukuluyi inali yololedwa anatengedwa ndi chipani pa X Congress mu 1921.

M'nkhaniyi, mfundo "miyeso zoyamba za mphamvu Soviet" amatanthauza kusintha ndalama. Ndiyamika ruble ake atsopano anayamba mpandadenga ndalama. Komanso requisitioning chinathetsedwa - izo m'malo mwa msonkho mu mtundu. Iye anali wolemekezeka chifukwa chakuti tsopano si anagwira 70% ya mbewu, ndi 30%. zonsezi anathandiza ziziyenda zinthu zoopsa pa ulimi.

Kodi miyeso zoyamba za mphamvu Soviet ndiye? likulu okhonda anakopeka, komanso nthawi alola msika zida chuma (zosiyanasiyana tochepa). NEP anabweretsa dziko mwa mavuto. Mu 1924, Lenin atamwalira, ndi mkubwela kwa "Moyo watsopano" wa ulamuliro wa Stalin chinathetsedwa. Panali chuma anakonza ndi dongosolo zaka zisanu, omwe anakhala maziko a dongosolo Soviet.