Mwini mwiniwo m'nthaŵi yamatsenga. Age of Feudalism ku Russia

Ndizozoloŵera kuitanitsa zachikhalidwe zachikhalidwe zomwe zinalipo ku Ulaya m'zaka za m'ma V - XVII. M'dziko lirilonse, linali ndi zizindikiro zake, koma kawirikawiri izi zimaganiziridwa pa chitsanzo cha France ndi Germany. Nthawi yamakono ku Russia ili ndi nthawi yosiyana ndi ya Ulaya. Kwa zaka zambiri, akatswiri a mbiri yakale ankakana kuti alipo, koma anali olakwika. Ndipotu mabungwe amtunduwu sanakhazikitsidwe kupatula ku Byzantium.

Pang'ono ponena za mawu

Lingaliro la "chikhalidwe" linayambitsidwa ndi akatswiri a ku Ulaya madzulo a Great French Revolution. Choncho, mawuwa anawonekera pomwe Zochitika zam'dziko lakumadzulo kwa Ulaya, zinatha. Mawuwo amapangidwa kuchokera ku Latin Latate "feodum" ("nkhanza"). Lingaliro limeneli limapezeka m'malemba a Middle Ages ndipo limatanthauzira katundu wokhala ndi malo omwe amaloledwa, omwe amapeza kuchokera kwa mbuye wawo pokhapokha atakhala ndi udindo uliwonse kwa iye (zomwe zimatchulidwa nthawi zambiri zokhudzana ndi usilikali).

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale sanadziwe nthawi yomweyo zomwe zimachitika m'gululi. Miyeso yambiri yofunika siinaganizidwe. Komabe, pofika zaka za zana la 21, chifukwa cha kusanthula kayendedwe kake, asayansi atha kupereka ndondomeko yonse ya zovutazi.

Zizindikiro za chikhalidwe

Mtengo wapatali wa dziko lisanayambe mafakitale ndilo nthaka. Koma mwiniwake wa nthaka (nthaka yamtendere) sanachite nawo ulimi. Anali ndi ntchito yina (kapena pemphero). Dzikoli linali lolima ndi anthu osauka. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi nyumba yake, ziweto ndi zipangizo, dzikolo silinali lake. Ankadalira kwambiri mbuye wake, ndipo chifukwa chake anali ndi ntchito zina. Komabe mlimiyo sanali kapolo. Iye anali ndi ufulu wachibale, ndipo kuti aziyendetsa, mbuye wamatsenga anali ndi njira zosaganizira zachuma.

M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, malowa sanali ofanana. Mwini mwiniwakeyo panthaŵi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu anali ndi ufulu wochuluka kuposa mwini wake wa dzikolo, ndiko kuti, mlimi. M'zinthu zake, mbuye wamatsenga anali wolamulira wosavomerezeka. Iye akhoza kuchitapo ndi kukhululukira. Motero, umwini wa nthawiyi unali wogwirizana kwambiri ndi mwayi wandale (mphamvu).

Ndipotu, kudalira chuma ndi mgwirizano. Ndipotu, anthu osauka adadyetsa mbuye wawo, yemwe sankagwira ntchito.

Masitepe a Feudal

Mapangidwe a chigamulo pa nthawi ya chikhalidwe chadziko amatha kutanthauzidwa ngati chikhalidwe chachilendo. Olamulira amtendere analibe ofanana, koma onsewa ankazunza anthu osauka. Ubale pakati pa eni nthaka unamangidwa potsutsana. Pamwamba pa makwerero apamwamba anali mfumu, yemwe analipira msonkho kwa madokotala ndi chiwerengero, ndipo pobwezera ankafuna kukhulupirika kwa iwo. Dukes ndi ziwerengero, zinapatsanso dziko lapansi ndi mabanki (ambuye, amsinkhu, achikulire), mogwirizana ndi omwe anali ambuye. Mabombawo anali ndi mphamvu pa magalasi, magalasi - pamwamba pa squires. Kotero, ambuye achifumu, atayima pamapazi apansi a staircase, ankatumikira ambuye ambuye, akuyima phazi lapamwamba.

Pankakhala mawu akuti: "Vassal ya vassal yanga siyayi." Izi zikutanthawuza kuti mphunzitsi wotumikira ku baron sakuyenera kumvera mfumu. Potero, mphamvu ya mfumu panthawi yogawikana inali yochepa. Mwini nyumbayo mu nthawi ya chikhalidwe chaumulungu ndiyekha mbuye. Zosankha zake zandale zinatsimikiziridwa ndi kukula kwa gawoli.

Genesis ya maubwenzi amodzi (V - IX atumwi)

Kukula kwa chikhalidwe kunayamba kutheka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa Roma ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Ufumu wa Kumadzulo kwa Roma ndi mafuko achi German (osakwatiwa). Chikhalidwe chatsopano chinayambira pa maziko a miyambo ya Aroma (dziko lokhazikika, ukapolo, colonel, malamulo a chilengedwe chonse) ndi machitidwe a mafuko a Germany (kukhalapo kwa atsogoleri odzikuza, militancy, osakhoza kuyang'anira mayiko akuluakulu).

Panthawi imeneyo, ogonjetsawo anali ndi machitidwe oyambirira a boma: maiko onse anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa dera ndipo adagawidwa pakati pa mamembala awo. Pogwira malo atsopano, atsogoleri a usilikali ankafuna kukhala nawo okha, komanso kuwatenga ndi cholowa chawo. Kuphatikizanso apo, anthu ambiri akuferedwa, midzi inagonjetsedwa. Kotero, iwo anakakamizika kufunafuna mbuye, chifukwa mwini nyumbayo mu nthawi ya chikhalidwe sankangowapatsa mwayi woti agwire ntchito (kuphatikizapo iye mwini), komanso amatetezedwa kwa adani. Umu ndi mmene dzikoli linakhazikitsidwa ndi anthu apamwamba. Amphawi anayamba kudalira.

Panthawi yamakono (X-XV century)

Pofika zaka za zana la 9, ufumu wa Charlemagne unasokonezeka. Mzinda uliwonse, signoria, nyumbayo inakhala mtundu wa mtundu. Chodabwitsa chimenechi chinatchedwa "kugawidwa kwachiwerewere."

Panthawiyi, Aurope akuyamba kuyesa mayiko atsopano. Pangani mgwirizano wa ndalama, kuchokera kwa amphawi omwe apatsidwa ojambula. Chifukwa cha amisiri ndi amalonda, mizinda ikukulirakulira ndikukula. M'mayiko ambiri (mwachitsanzo, ku Italy ndi ku Germany) alimi, omwe kale amadalira suzerain, amalandira ufulu - wokwanira. Ambiri amakonda, amapita kumabwalo amtendere, anamasula anthu awo ku ufulu.

Panthawi ino, tchalitchi chinakhala msana wa mphamvu za dziko, komanso chipembedzo chachikhristu - lingaliro la Middle Ages. Kotero mwini nyumba m'nyengo yamatsenga sizongopeka chabe (baron, duke, lord), komanso nthumwi ya atsogoleri achipembedzo (abbot, bishopu).

Mavuto a chiyanjano (zaka za XV - XVII)

Mapeto a nthawi yapitayi adadziwika ndi ziwawa. Iwo anali chifukwa cha chisokonezo cha chikhalidwe. Kuwonjezera apo, chitukuko cha malonda ndi kutuluka kwa anthu kuchokera kumidzi kupita ku mizinda chinapangitsa kuti malo a eni nthaka ayambe kufooka.

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, maziko a zachuma a kukwera kwa anthu apamwamba anali osokonezeka. Zotsutsana pakati pa mafumu apamwamba ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo zinakhala zovuta. Ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi chikhalidwe, mphamvu ya tchalitchi pamaganizo a anthu yasiya kukhala yeniyeni. M'nthawi ya XVI-XVII ku Ulaya kunali Kusintha. Panali miyambo yatsopano yachipembedzo yomwe inalimbikitsa chitukuko cha malonda ndipo sanatsutse malonda apadera.

Europe mu nthawi ya chikhalidwe chakumbuyo ndi nkhondo pakati pa mafumu, omwe sakhutitsidwa ndi chizindikiro cha mphamvu zawo, atsogoleri achipembedzo, akuluakulu a anthu komanso anthu a m'midzi. Kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu kumabweretsa kutsutsana kwa zaka za XVII-XVIII.

Akunja achi Russia

M'nthaŵi za Kievan Rus (kuyambira VIII mpaka XIII atumwi) kwenikweni sanali. Dziko lachifumuli linali loperekedwa malinga ndi mfundo yoyamba. Mmodzi wa mamembala a banja lachifumu uja atamwalira, dziko lake linali lokhala ndi wachibale wamng'ono. Kumbuyo kwake kunali gulu. Druzhinniki analandira malipiro, koma madera omwe anali kumbuyo kwawo sanakhazikitsidwe ndipo, ndithudi, sanalandire: nthaka inali yambiri, ndipo inalibe mtengo wapadera.

M'zaka za m'ma 1800 nthawi ya Princely Rus inayamba. Amadziwika ndi kugawidwa. Chuma ca akalonga (cholowa) chinayamba kulandira. Akalonga adapeza mphamvu zaumwini komanso ufulu wa malo (osati a patrimonial). Anapanga malo a eni eni enieni - anyamata, maubwenzi anakhazikitsidwa . Koma amphawi anali akadali omasuka. Komabe, m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu iwo adalumikizidwa pansi. Nthaŵi ya chikhalidwe cha ku Russia inatha nthawi yomweyo, popeza kugawidwa kunagonjetsedwa. Koma malo oterowo monga serpenti anakhalapo mpaka 1861.

Masewera

Ku Ulaya ndi ku Russia, nyengo ya maulamuliro inatha pafupifupi zaka za m'ma 1600. Koma mbali zina za dongosolo lino, mwachitsanzo, kugawidwa ku Italy kapena serfu mu Ufumu wa Russia, kunalipo mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900. Chimodzi mwa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa chikhalidwe cha Aurope ndi Chirasha ndi chakuti ukapolo wa amphawi ku Russia unachitika kokha pamene anthu am'madera a Kumadzulo atalandira ufulu wodalirika.