Galimoto yoyamba ya Arctic m'mbiri

Chaka chino m'pamene zaka sevente-faifi pa tsiku, pamene asilikali anayamba kulowa Murmansk cargoes anakamba ndi America ndi Britain kumenya mdani wodziwika - Nazi Germany. yobereka awo n'kovuta kwambiri, koma zoipa zofunika m'mphepete, ndi chiyambi cha izo kuika woyamba Arctic convoy, anapita mpaka mu mbiri pansi pa dzina "Dervish".

Kachiwiri inalamula zinachitikira zaka zapitazi

convoys Arctic ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse kupitiriza mwambo, yemwe anayambitsa ndi Spain monga zaka za m'ma XVI. Nthawi imeneyo makedzana, iwo convoyed galleons amadutsa pa Atlantic matani golide ndi siliva, kubedwa ku America South. Monga londola ndi katundu anali zombo choopsa kwambiri anasonkhana pa misewu ya Havana, ndi kale pansi pa chivundikiro cha mfuti Spanish, tinayenda kudutsa expanses ndi wodzala ndi achifwamba English.

Ndipo kotero, pamene mu July 1941, Moscow ndi London ndi anasaina mgwirizano pa zochita mwagwirizana polimbana Germany ndi Churchill analonjeza thandizo Stalin m'zinthu zonse mu mphamvu yake, British adakumbukira kuti njira, imene zaka zinayi zapitazo, onyamula nyanja kumbuyo ndi muno adani awo.

Ichi chinaoneka kukhala zothandiza kwambiri, chifukwa masabata awiri basi Soviet Union anasaina mgwirizano ndi United States pa katundu wa asilikali, ndi Congress amene anatenga boma pulogalamu ya anagwirizana mphamvu kotunga zipolopolo, zipangizo, chakudya ndi mankhwala, lotchedwa mu mbiri pansi pa dzina la kongoletsani-pangano. Mu nkhani imeneyi, funso zonse adanyamuka - kupulumutsa katundu ogwirizana mu madoko Soviet.

Njira yothetsera vutoli

Pali njira zitatu kuti vuto ili. njira imodzi anali mwa Pacific Ocean, koma chifukwa cha doko onse Soviet Far East wa Vladivostok yekha zogwirizana ndi njanji ndi malo kutsogolo-mzere. anzake berths zonse nakocheza ngalawa, ndipo, ngakhale kuti Trans-Siberia sitima anali wotsika bandiwifi pa nkhondoyo inali itatha adaperekedwa 47% ya katundu wa asilikali. Koma vuto linali njira iyi ndi nthawi wonyeketsa.

Chachiwiri, ndi otetezedwa kwambiri njira anathamanga kudutsa nyumba Persian Gulf ndi Iran. Komabe, chifukwa mavuto luso, iwo ankatha kugwiritsa ntchito kokha m'ma 1942, thandizo chofunika kutsogolo yomweyo. Choncho kumpoto kozizira convoys ndiye chimake lachitatu la yobereka katundu anachitira anagwirizana lamulo anali angapo ubwino pa ena awiri.

Choyamba, kunafuna nthawi zochepa. Arctic convoy akhoza kupulumutsa katundu mu khumi chabe - masiku khumi, ndipo kachiwiri, Arkhangelsk ndi Murmansk, kumene kutula, pafupi mokwanila dera maudani ndi likulu la dziko.

Komabe, njira iyi anali zinadzala ndi ngozi kumakhalapo chifukwa chakuti zombo m'mudzimo m'mphepete mwa nyanja Norway, kulamulidwa ndi Germany. A mbali yaikulu ya momwe iwo anayenera kugonjetsa pafupi atangochimwa airfields ndi zapansi panyanja ya mdani. Komabe, ngakhale zonse, njira iyi inali yofunika, ndi kozizira anagwirizana convoys wa 1941-1945 anapanga zopereka kwambiri kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa mdani. makamaka kwambiri ntchito yawo inali mu chaka choyamba cha nkhondo.

Kulumikizana njira ziwiya zoyendera

Kusonyeza kuukira zotheka za mdani, anagwirizana machenjerero lamulo amenewa anayamba chifukwa chimene Arctic convoy akhoza yakusankha katundu ngati n'kotheka. Amakweza zinamangidwa osati apaulendo umodzi, ndi waufupi anadzuka mzati, ikuyenda patsogolo pa mtunda wautali ndi mzake, ndipo nthawi zambiri kusintha njira. Zimenezi zimathandiza ulamuliro zosavuta iwo, koma adalenga Kuvuta zina za sitima zapamadzi German.

Pofuna sitima zankhondo cholinga yaing'ono chombo kuperekezedwa, wopangidwa mwa minesweepers, frigates ndi owononga. Iwo anali pa kamtunda ndithu kuchokera zombo anapita nawo. Pambali pa nkhondowo ntchito ikuchitika zombo zikuluzikulu, akubwera moyandikira kwa gombe, ndipo anafuna kusonyeza Adani pamwamba ndi ndege.

Kuyambira momwe kuti Akuchitira Island, inali mu dera la kumadzulo kwa Nyanja Barents, kumpoto Arctic convoys amatetezedwa wa British bulu ndi mpweya mphamvu. Pa chomaliza, ntchito imeneyi anagwa pa anthuwo Soviet ndi airmen.

Arctic anagwirizana convoys 1941-1945, inakhazikitsidwa, ndipo ananyamula katundu wawo akugwirizira ku doko Scottish ili Bay ya Loch U. Komanso njira zawo kugona Reykjavik, kumene zombo anathamanga pa akasinja mafuta, kenako anatsatira kuti akupita. Chifukwa cha mikhalidwe ayezi, chitsanzo ndi chinaikidwa mmene ndingathere kumpoto. Ichi chidachitika kudzapeza mtunda kuchokera gombe, anagonjetsedwa ndi mdani.

mfundo ziwiri zosiyana za view

N'zochititsa chidwi taonani mfundo imodzi ndi zaka zimenezo, chifukwa cha kusagwirizana ena pakati pa asilikali Soviet ndi anzawo a British. Malinga ndi malangizo ochokera kwa Admiralty kuti Ufumu wake, ndipo imakhudzanso Zombo Zankhondo zonse, osati kuti anali mbali ya convoys Arctic, zoyendera kuonongeka kapena anataya anira nkhondowo, adalira kusamukira khoti lina, nafunafuna torpedoes ndi tinapita ku pansi.

Izi zinachitika chifukwa moyo wa a panyanjawa choikidwacho popitiriratu chuma chogwirika, ndi kuyesa apulumutse sitimayo akufa pansi kuti chiopsezo wakupha. Ngakhale ku mbali othandiza British ankakhulupirira kuti kukonzekera adalira woyamba kalasi, ndi ovuta kwambiri kuposa kumanga chombo. Njira imeneyi zinaonekeratu mwamtheradi mbali Union, ndipo nthawi zambiri anapereka chifukwa koti ogwirizana pofuna kupulumutsa pa doko la kopita kwa katundu zochepa ngati n'kotheka.

Zabwino, kutsatana "Dervish"

Woyamba Arctic convoy, malamulo dzina lake "Dervish" mbasiya doko la Reykjavik, 21 August 1941. Mpheroyi asanu zombo British zoyendera ndi chimodzi Soviet. otetezedwa anaonetsetsa minesweepers asanu ndi owononga awiri. Bwinobwino kufika Angelo, August 31 Amakweza anali yotsitsa pa gombe fifitini "mphepo yamkuntho" Ankhondo, zikwi zinayi milandu kuya, dazeni magalimoto angapo, komanso matani labala, ubweya ndi mitundu yonse ya yunifolomu.

Arctic anagwirizana convoys ya 1941-1945. malipoti anali mu lamulo malamulo dzina akuyamba makalata PQ. Zinali kalata yoyamba dzina la kapitawo British Admiralty Peter Kvilina (Peter Quelyn), ndi udindo bungwe la chitetezo ziwiya zoyendera. Zotsatirazi makalata anapita akuyambira nambala ya convoy lotsatira. Apaulendo, akubwera ku Nineve, amaimira QP, komanso ndi chiwerengero zinayendera.

Woyamba Arctic convoy, anapita mpaka mu mbiri monga PQ-0, anafika Arkhangelsk popanda mavuto makamaka chifukwa lamulo German, pa "blitzkrieg" - mphezi nkhondo, ankaganiza kuti amalize ndawala East ngakhale pamaso pa isanayambike yozizira, ndipo sanali kulabadira yokwanira zimene zinali kozizira. Komabe, pamene kunapezeka kuti nkhondo idzakhala nazo kwa nthawi yaitali ndi convoys Arctic yotengedwa ndi tanthauzo lapadera.

Anthu ambiri Adani polimbana ndi anagwirizana convoys

Dziwani kuti pambuyo May 1941 flagship British anali kumizidwa ndi German Navy ankadikira "Bismarck", Hitler analetsa anthu oyendetsa zawo zonse zinali pamwamba kulowa nkhondo womasuka ndi British. chifukwa anali lophweka - anaopa kamodzinso kupereka mdani chifukwa chikondwerero. Tsopano chithunzi zasintha.

M'nyengo yozizira oyambirira cha 1942 m'dera la maonekedwe zotheka kwa convoys British anali pomwepo kufalitsidwa cruisers atatu olemera ndi imodzi. Komanso, iwo anali kuthandiza ofunkha zinthu zisanu ndi sitima zankhondo khumi. Limodzi ndi ichi, chiwerengero cha ndege chinazikidwa pa airfields mu Norway, wakhala kuchuluka kwa masekeli asanu, amene amaloledwa, mu April chaka chomwecho kuyamba anawazunza zonse mpweya pa Murmansk.

kukhwimitsa ndi kuti zotsatira, ndi mwamtendere zinthu zimene anapanga awo kusintha convoys choyamba, m'malo mwa pano nkhondowo zinthu. Ogwirizana anataya choyamba mu January 1942, pamene Germany zinali mbali ya convoy PQ-7 anali kumizidwa ndi British zoyendera ngalawa "Waziristan".

Loss a m'mayikowo ndi mayankho awo

Kumanga pa bwino, lamulo German anakonza kusakasaka kwenikweni kwa convoy lotsatira PQ-8. Pa kudutsana ake adadza ankadikira "Tirpitz", ndi chidole kumizidwa pamaso "Bismarck" ndi owononga atatu ndi sitima zankhondo angapo. Komabe, ngakhale kuti ayesetsa onse, kudziwika yake ya Arctic convoy analephera, chifukwa ndi yekhayo basi, koma Kalanga kwambiri kwa ife wovulalayo anali Soviet zoyendera ngalawa "Izhora", pa zifukwa zina, ndi stragglers ku gulu lalikulu.

Mwatsoka, hereinafter anagwirizana zomvetsa kuchuluka kwambiri. Malinga ndi nkhani ya tsiku, mu March 1942, dziko la Germany anakwanitsa kumira asanu Amakweza British, ndi mwezi wamawa, iwo anasonkhana pamodzi ndi zombo nayini anali mbali ya convoys anayi womangidwa kwa Murmansk.

Komabe, waukulu asilikali m'mbuyo pang'ono British pa April 30, pamene oponya zipolopolo kuchokera sitima zapamadzi German anali kumizidwa ndi cruiser "Edinburgh", kubwerera ku kugombe la Britain. Pamodzi ndi iye anapita pansi, anali mu zida zankhondo wake kosungira asanu ndi matani theka la golide anachokera ku boma la Soviet pobwezera katundu asilikali sanali zosadziwika kwa ife.

Kenako, golide anaukitsidwa mu njira ya afunkha opareshoni, umene unachitika mu nthawi kuchokera 1961 mpaka 1968. Malinga ndi pangano walemba kale, onse a iwo unagawidwa pakati Soviet Union, Britain, ndi Makampani amene anagwira ntchito m'madzi.

Pa nthawi yomweyo mu 1942 chifukwa kusokoneza zinthu, adani miyeso mwamsanga unatengedwa. American zombo anatumiza kutchinga convoys chidwi kwambiri squadron, wopangidwa mwa Nkhondo ziwiri, cruisers awiri ndi owononga asanu. Musati mukhale pambali ndi lamulo Soviet. Ngati pamaso kumpoto zombo ikuchitika ziwiya Kulumikizana zoyendera mwapadera yekha anakonzedwera zombo cholinga, tsopano iwo anatumizidwa kwa onse, popanda yekha, mphamvu alipo.

Chintchito oyendetsa za "Bolsheviks Old"

Ngakhale akukhala nawo lililonse ndege ankafuna oyeretsa wolimba mtima komanso ungwazi, panali zinthu zimene makhalidwe amenewa zofuna kwambiri. Chitsanzo ndi chipulumutso cha Soviet oyendetsa galimoto "Old Bolshevik" chotengera, limene linatuluka ku Reykjavik, pamodzi ndi convoy PQ-16. Mulole 27, 1942 mbewuyo ikanagwidwa ndege German ndi mabomba chifukwa, moto pa bolodi kugunda.

Ngakhale kuti pa bolodi anali ambiri matani mabomba, amalinyero anakana kupereka omwe ankasonyeza English kupita pa bolodi limodzi la zombo zawo, ndipo anthuwo nkhondo moto. maola asanu ndi atatu kenako, moto, zonse anaopseza anayamba, anali chimatha, ndi "Old Bolshevik" bwinobwino anagwira ena m'bwalo, anapita pa njira yake kuti Murmansk.

Tsoka Arctic convoy PQ 17

Tsoka la convoy ili, limene linatuluka ku Hvalfjörður June 27, 1942, anakhala tsoka lalikulu pa nthawi yonse ya yobereka anagwirizana katundu pa njira Arctic. Kudaoneka ngati kuti pambuyo pake pamodzi taonera akatswiri ankhondo, basi chifukwa cha vuto la British Admiralty, asilikali mapaundi.

Zonse zinayamba ndi chakuti patapita masiku anayi, convoy ya anatulukira ndi ndege German, amasonyezera ulamuliro pa dera madzi a Norway Sea. Nthawi yomweyo anatumizidwa kukakumana akuluakulu panyanja ndi mpweya mphamvu, kuukira amene British anazindikira pa masiku atatu, kutaya atatu zoyendera chotengera. N'zotheka kuti ena mwa bwalo ndi kuti afikira kopita, koma pa July 4, inali kudziŵika kuti unachoka quay ndi panyumba yaikulu pa nthawi imeneyo, sitima ya German Navy - "Tirpitz" nkhondo.

chimphona, zida ndi zisanu ndi zitatu mfuti pyatnadtsatidyuymovymi, wina anali wokhoza kuononga osati zombo zonse katundu a m'mayikowo, koma pamodzi ndi chitetezo cha zombo. Atamva zimenezi, asilikali mapaundi anasankha fateful. Iye analamula zombo kusamala kuti kumenyana ndi nkhondo ndi kusuntha mtunda wautali. Mayendedwe bwalo chomwecho anayenera kuti anayala, ndipo mmodzi ndi mmodzi kutsatira Murmansk.

Chifukwa, "Tirpitz", osati kupeza ndende mdani, anabwerera m'munsi, ndi Amakweza anamwazikana malinga ndi malamulo asilikali mwa nyanja, anakhala mosavuta kwa mdani ndege ndi sitima zankhondo. Ziwerengero za ngozi imeneyi ndi kowopsya. Wa makumi atatu mphambu zisanu anagwirizana sitima zapamadzi, makumi awiri ndi zitatu anali kumizidwa, ndipo pamodzi nawo pansi kumanzere, nazo akugwirizira awo, magalimoto atatu ndi zikwi theka, akasinja mazana anayi makumi, mazana awiri pa ndege za matani zikwi zana la cargoes zosiyanasiyana. zombo ziwiri anabwerera, ndipo khumi okha anakafika ku kopita. anthu zana limodzi ndi makumi atatu anaphedwa ndi mazana atatu moyo anapulumutsidwa mu nthawi anabwera kupulumutsa oyendetsa Soviet.

Zotsatira za tsokalo

Ngozi imeneyi pafupifupi anapangitsa kuchotsa makontena kuti Soviet Union katundu wa asilikali, ndipo kokha wapanikizidwa Moscow, British anakakamizika kupitiriza ndi zitsimikizo za m'mbuyomo. Komabe, pambuyo convoy lotsatira anataya zombo atatu torpedoed ndi sitima zankhondo German, mopitirira kutumiza likuchedwa mpaka chiyambi cha usiku kumalo ozizira.

Pambuyo chisoni anataya convoy lamulo British anasintha wosasangalala maganizo awo, codename pa YW PQ, ndi RA. Panalinso pofuna mozembetsa katundu ziwiya umodzi zoyendera koma sanapereke mukufuna komanso itatha imfa awo ndi imfa ya moyo.

Only mu December 1942, mwayi asilikali British. Mu awiri a convoy pa mwezi anatha kukwaniritsa lossless Murmansk. Pali umboni kuti zimenezi zachititsa mu mkwiyo yosatheka kuneneka a Hitler, ndi mtengo-Chief wa Bulu la Grand asilikali Raeder.

Mwayi anachoka kwa Anazi

Komabe, ndi nthawi nkhondo ndi fupa lothyoka zoonekeratu. Ambiri German zombo pamwamba zinawapangitsa zina, ndipo mu nyengo ya 1943-1945 chaka ndi anagwirizana convoys anali mwapadera kawiri pa sitima zapamadzi lapansi. chiwerengero chawo utachepa chifukwa kulimbana zomvetsa, pamene makampani German panthawi imeneyo anali kale sangathe kuzikwaniritsa.

Kumapeto kwa December 1943 German Navy wataya imodzi Zombo Zankhondo ake abwino - cruiser "Scharnhorst" kumizidwa ndi British akuyesa kuti aukire Arctic convoy kusenza YP 55 mutu. Mofanana chisoni tsoka analekanitsa flagship wa Naval Mphamvu ya Germany - ndi nkhondo "Tirpitz". Sanagwirizane nkhondo, koma unawonongedwa ndi ndege British mwachindunji pa mlatho wa.

Athandiza oyendetsa za anagwirizana Luntha kuti chigonjetso

Pa nkhondo, convoys Arctic, zithunzi za amene anapereka mu pepala kwa dziko lathu anayi ndi matani mamiliyoni theka la katundu wa asilikali komanso chakudya, umene unali pafupi makumi atatu peresenti ya kukula kwa chithandizo lonse Union. Pankhani yeniyeni zida, adaperekedwa kumpoto ndi osachepera theka kuchuluka okwana operekedwa ndi Soviet Union, Britain ndi America. Total convoys Arctic kunachitika pafupi mwamsanga wa German-wotanganidwa m'malire 1398 zoyendera chotengera.

Chaka chino, boma m'dziko lathu, komanso US ndi UK kukondwerera tsiku lokumbukira woyamba Arctic convoy. Ilo linali tsiku zofunika kwambiri. ogwirizana wakale chikondwerero chikumbutso ake 75th. convoys Arctic achita ntchito zofunika kwambiri pa kugonjetsedwa kwa Nazi Germany, kuti phindu lake sitingalephere kukambapo, choncho zikondwerero bungwe kwa nthawi mu Pomorie, kutenga kuchuluka koyenera. Iwo nawo nthumwi ku mayiko asanu ndi anai.

Kupatula Severodvinsk ndi Arkhangelsk, zochitika awonetse chikondwerero, imachitikanso Murmansk ndi St. Petersburg, kumene zaka ziwiri zapitazo kunali chipilala kwa convoys Arctic. Poyambirira, chipilala pokumbukira ophunzira zochitika amunamuna unakhazikitsidwa Murmansk.

Pa zikondwerero za pa TV anasonyeza Russian, zopangidwa ndi filmmaker American mu 2001 zopelekedwa "Arctic anagwirizana convoys ya 1941-1945.". Ndi filimu filimu a m'dziko mwathu muno adakhoza kuphunzira zambiri za zochitika zimene zinachitika mu zaka za nkhondo mu malo nyanja ya M'madera a zitunda kumpoto.