Ndalama ndi chiyani? Iyi ndi mabanki apakati a US kapena "gulu lachinsinsi"

Federal Reserve System (FRS) ndi banki yaikulu ya United States. Inakhazikitsidwa mu December 1913 ngati chiwalo choletsa zovuta zowonongeka. Pang'onopang'ono, ntchito zake ndi mphamvu zake zinawonjezeka kwambiri. Koma Ndalama ndi chiyani? Kodi ndi "chinsinsi" kapena banki ina yaikulu, ngakhale dziko lolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi?

Ntchito zazikulu

Cholinga chachikulu cha Federal Reserve ndicho kupanga ndondomeko ya ndalama. Choncho, yankho lotsatila ku funso limene Federal Reserve ndilolondola kwambiri: ndi thupi ku United States lomwe limayang'anira kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimayendetsedwa mwa kukhazikitsa chikhalidwe cha malo osungirako ndalama, kubwezeretsanso mitengo ndi ntchito zogulitsa. Bungwe la Federal Reserve System likuyang'anira kuyendetsa kutsika kwa nthaka ndi kusunga mtengo wamtengo. Ndiponso, US Federal Reserve ikufuna kupeza ntchito zambiri. Ntchito yaikulu ya thupi ili ndi chitukuko chokhazikika chachuma cha dziko. Ndi chiyani? Ndalama zimapereka kukula kwa GDP kwa 2-3% pachaka. Komabe, kusankhidwa kwa Federal Reserve System sikumangotanthauza izi. Msonkhano wa Federal Reserve ungakhudzidwe ndi malamulo a mabanki amalonda pofuna kuteteza ufulu wa ogula. Komanso, zokambiranazo zingakhudze kukhazikika kwa misika yachuma komanso kupewa zovuta. Komanso, FRS imapereka chithandizo kwa boma la US, mabanki a federal komanso akunja.

Chikhalidwe

Kuganizira zomwe ziri - Ndalama, sizingakhale zangwiro popanda kuphunzira zigawo zikuluzikulu za thupi ili. Pali zitatu pa zonse. Bungwe Lolamulira ndilo likulu lalikulu. Amayendetsa ndalama. Bungwe la Maboma la Bungwe la Reserve Reserve likuphatikizapo mamembala asanu ndi awiri. Iwo ali ndi udindo woyika mlingo wotsika mtengo ndi kusungiranso zofunika kwa mabungwe omwe ali nawo. Chigamulo chilichonse cha Ndalama chimachokera ku kafukufuku omwe akuchitidwa ndi antchito ake. Mwezi uliwonse, ziganizo zonse zimasindikizidwa mu zomwe zimatchedwa "Beige Book", miyezi sikisi iliyonse Lipoti la Money la Congress likufalitsidwa. Chigawo china ndi Komiti ya Federal Open Market (FOMC). Ntchito yake ndiyo kukhazikitsa mlingo wachinsinsi pa ndalama. Komiti Yachigawo imaphatikizapo mamembala a Bungwe Lolamulira ndi a 4 pa 12 oyang'anira mabanki. Thupi ili limakumananso kasanu ndi kamodzi pachaka. Chigawo china cha Ndalama ndi mabungwe amodzi okha. Amayang'anira ndalama zachuma ndikuyang'anira kutsata kwa ndondomeko ya ndalama. Bungwe lirilonse la 12 liri m'mudzi wawo.

Mbiri ya chiyambi

Kuyesa koyambirira kukonza njira yowonjezereka ya ndalama ku US kunapangidwira kutali kwambiri ndi zaka za zana la 18. Mabanki oyambirira ndi achiwiri anakhazikitsidwa mu 1791 ndi 1816 motsatira. Aliyense wa iwo anakhalapo kwa zaka pafupifupi 20. Mabungwe onse oyambirira ndi achiwiri anali ndi nthambi m'dziko lonse lapansi ndipo anatumikira boma, mabungwe a ndalama ndi makasitomala. Kawirikawiri, ntchito zawo zinali zokhutiritsa. Komabe, gawo lalikulu la anthu silinakhulupirire iwo. Kugonjetsa ulamuliro wawo chifukwa cha kusokoneza kwa ndale, kotero iwo anatseka. Kuwopsya kwa 1907 kunapangitsa Congress kukhala ndi Federal Reserve System. Komiti ya Ndalama Yapadziko Yonse inakhazikitsidwa kuti ipeze njira zothetsera mavuto osokoneza ndalama azachuma ndi kuwonongeka kwa mabungwe. Mu 1913, Congress inakhazikitsa Federal Reserve Act. Poyamba, zinakonzedweratu kuti Ndalama izikhala ndi mphamvu zochepa kuposa momwe tikuonera tsopano. Iye amayenera kuthana ndi kuthandizidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabanki amodzi, kuwonjezeka kwa kuphulika kwa ndalama ndi mphamvu ya dongosolo lonselo lonse. Komabe, pang'onopang'ono mphamvu za thupi zomwe zafunsidwazi zawonjezeka kwambiri, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kuphulika kwa nthawi za mavuto omwe akufuna kuti boma lichitepo kanthu.

Ndani ali ndi Ndalama?

Bungwe la Federal Reserve ndibanki yodziimira. Zosankha za FOMC ndi Bungwe la Maboma zimachokera pa kufufuza kwa ogwira ntchito a FRS. Salivomerezedwa ndi Purezidenti, Ministry of Finance ndi Congress. Ndiko kuti, iwo ali odziimira. Komabe, mamembala a Bungwe la Maboma amasankhidwa ndi Purezidenti ndikuvomerezedwa ndi Congress. Choncho, boma limayang'anira ndondomeko ya nthawi yaitali ya Federal Reserve System. Akuluakulu ena amauza anthu ena kuti akufunikira kuthetsa ntchito zawo zonse. Senema Rand Rand akukhulupirira kuti kufufuza kwa dongosololi kuyenera kuchitidwa mosamalitsa.

Udindo wa Pulezidenti

Mutu wa FRS umayendera ndondomeko ya ndalama. Pakati pa 2014 mpaka 2018, tcheyamani ndi Janet Yellen. Anayang'anitsitsa kuthana ndi kusowa kwa ntchito, zomwe zinali zapadera za sayansi. Choncho, imachepetsa chiwongoladzanja. Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zochita zake zimangowonjezera mavuto, ndipo chuma chikufunika kukhazikitsa bata. Kuchokera mu 2006 mpaka 2014, tcheyamani anali Ben Bernanke. Iye anali katswiri pa udindo wa Ndalama pa Kuvutika Kwakukulu. Ndi chifukwa cha Bernanke kuti zotsatira za kusintha kwachuma kwaposachedwapa zinachepetsedwa.