Ndi chizindikiro mu umagwirira zimene: tanthauzo, zitsanzo, mfundo

Aliyense amene ali nawo sayansi kapena kungofuna zimapangidwira, khalani ndi chidwi kudziwa kuti chizindikiro ichi. Ndi lingaliro ili, ambiri nawo mu kalasi zimapangidwira, koma aphunzitsi kusukulu sanapereke mafotokozedwe zochuluka pa mfundo za machitidwe a zinthu zina. Nanga chizindikiro? Chifukwa LEDs kusintha mtundu mu njira zothanirana? Kodi akugwirabe ntchito? About lino nkhaniyi.

tanthauzo

Reference limayankha funso zimene chizindikiro, tanthauzo zotsatirazi: chizindikiro - zambiri organic mankhwala pawiri ponena kudziwa magawo a njira (haidrojeni ion ndende, mpaka pazikhala kufanana adziwe kupezeka kwa oxidants). M'njira yopapatiza ya mawu chizindikiro kumvetsa thunthu, amene amalola kudziwa pH a sing'anga.

Mfundo ntchito

Kumvetsetsa zimene ndiye kuunika, kuganizira mfundo kugwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, kutenga methyl lalanje. chizindikiro ichi ndi asidi ndi ofooka, ndi chilinganizo ake ambiri HR. Asidiyu ndi mu amadzimadzi njira dissociates mu ayoni H ⁺ ndipo R ^-. H ⁺ ayoni ndi mtundu wofiira, R ^- - chikasu, chifukwa mu njira ndale (pH = 7) lalanje LED. Ngati ayoni wa hydrogen ndi wamkulu kuposa R ^-, yankho limakhala lofiira (pH <7), zachikasu ngati ayoni amachuluka R ^-. Indicators kungakhale onse acid ndi mchere kapena m'munsi. Mfundo amagwirira ntchito zawo zimakhala zochokera pa pulayimale ndi sekondale yosavuta electrolytic dissociation.

Chithunzi m'munsimu limasonyeza bwanji mtundu wa lalanje methyl ngati ntchito ya index wa hydrogen. Fanizo limeneli imasonyeza kuti chizindikiro ichi mu umagwirira ndi cholinga chake.

Zitsanzo zizindikiro

Zizindikiro ambiri omwe aliyense sukulu ndi litmus ndi phenolphthalein. Litmus mu acidic, ndale ndi zamchere sing'anga ali mumtundu, amene sakhoza osokonezeka. Paper n'kupanga impregnated ndi pepala litmus aikidwa mu njira ndi kusintha awo mtundu.

Phenolphtalein zimatengera mtundu okha sing'anga ndi zamchere ndipo kapezi. Agwiritsidwa likupezeka chizindikiro methyl lalanje.

M'mikhalidwe zasayansi, ndipo mukhoza ispolzovatsja zizindikiro zochepa wamba: metilviolet, methyl wofiira, tenolftalein. zizindikiro kwambiri ntchito kokha yopapatiza pH osiyanasiyana, koma pali zizindikiro konsekonse, popanda kutaya katundu kuti mfundo iliyonse ya index wa hydrogen.